Robot positioning with station-keeping

ABSTRACT

A system including a first carrier configured to carry at least one first robotic system. The system also can include a second carrier configured to be coupled to a vehicle that is movable across a surface. The first carrier can be movably coupled to and carried by the second carrier. The system can be configured to automatically hold the first carrier in a first position and stationary in a first direction with respect to the surface during a first time period while the vehicle moves the second carrier in the first direction with respect to the surface during the first time period, such that at least a portion the at least one first robotic system carried by the first carrier is stationary in the first direction with respect to the surface during the first time period. Other embodiments are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/786,492, filed Oct.17, 2017, which is a continuation of (i) U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/045,009, filed on Feb. 16, 2016; (ii) U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/045,015, filed on Feb. 16, 2016; (iii) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/045,054, filed on Feb. 16, 2016; and (iv) U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/045,073, filed on Feb. 16, 2016. U.S.patent application Ser. Nos. 15/045,009, 15/045,015, 15/045,054, and15/045,073 are each a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/576,598, filed Dec. 19, 2014, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/919,168, filed Dec. 20, 2013. U.S.patent application Ser. Nos. 15/045,009, 15/045,015, 15/045,054, and15/045,073 also each claim the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 62/116,890, filed Feb. 16, 2015. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.14/576,598, 15/045,009, 15/045,015, 15/045,054, 15/045,073, 15/786,492,and U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/919,168 and 62/116,890 areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to crop harvesting, and relates moreparticularly to automated systems for selectively picking crops fromplants.

BACKGROUND

Various crops, such as strawberries, have been harvested typically usingmanual labor due to the delicate nature of the crops and the selectivenature of the harvesting. For example, laborers perform the harvestingby selectively picking ripe crops from the plants while leaving unripecrops on the plants for later harvesting when they have ripened. Thehigh seasonal demand for laborers and the limited labor force hasresulted in increased labor costs and crops being left unpicked.Further, labor shortages have resulted in portions of fields being leftunplanted in order to avoid the effort, expense, and waste involved withgrowing unpicked crops.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To facilitate further description of the embodiments, the followingdrawings are provided in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a top, front, left side perspective view of aharvesting robot, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a bottom, back, right side perspective view of theharvesting robot of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates a top, front, right side perspective view of apicking apparatus, according to the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 illustrates a front view of a gripper of the picking apparatus ofFIG. 3 in an open position;

FIG. 5 illustrates a front view of the gripper of FIG. 4 in a closedposition;

FIG. 6 illustrates a top, front, left side perspective view of acarriage assembly, showing a stationary cam, and covers of a top base, aguide assembly, and a gear housing, according to the embodiment of FIG.1;

FIG. 7 illustrates a bottom, front, left side perspective view ofvarious internal components of the carriage assembly of FIG. 6, and notshowing the stationary cam and the covers of the top base, the guideassembly, and the gear housing of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 illustrates a rear view of the carriage assembly of FIG. 6,showing the stationary cam and the covers of the top base, the guideassembly, and the gear housing of FIG. 6, and showing various internalcomponents in the gear housing;

FIG. 9 illustrates a top, rear, left side perspective view of anactuation cam, an actuator, and a stationary cam of the carriageassembly of FIG. 6;

FIG. 10 illustrates a rear view of the actuation cam, actuator, andstationary cam of FIG. 9, and the picking apparatus of FIG. 3 with agripper in the picking position being in the open position;

FIG. 11 illustrates a rear, right side perspective view of the actuationcam, actuator, and stationary cam of FIG. 9, and the picking apparatusof FIG. 3 with the gripper of FIG. 10 in the picking position being inthe closed position;

FIG. 12 illustrates a bottom, rear, right side perspective view of acarrier assembly, according to the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 13 illustrates a top view of the harvesting robot of FIG. 1,showing the carrier assembly of FIG. 12 coupled to the carriage assemblyof FIG. 6 and the picking apparatus of FIG. 3;

FIG. 14 illustrates a bottom, front, right side perspective view of afoliage displacement mechanism, according to another embodiment;

FIG. 15 illustrates a right side view of the harvesting robot of FIG. 1and the foliage displacement mechanism of FIG. 14 hovering above a plantand a growing bed, with the foliage displacement mechanism in aretracted position;

FIG. 16 illustrates a top, rear view of the foliage displacementmechanism of FIG. 14 hovering above the plant of FIG. 15 in an extendedposition;

FIG. 17 illustrates a front view of a computer system that is suitablefor implementing various embodiments for implementing a processing unit,according to an embodiment of the carrier assembly of FIG. 12;

FIG. 18 illustrates a representative block diagram of an example of theelements included in the circuit boards inside a chassis of the computersystem of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 illustrates a flow chart for a method of providing a device forselectively harvesting crops on a plant, according to anotherembodiment;

FIG. 20 illustrates a top, back, left side perspective view of aharvesting robot, according to an embodiment, hovering above the plantand growing bed of FIG. 15;

FIG. 21 illustrates a bottom, front, right side perspective view of theharvesting robot of FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 illustrates a right side view of a carriage assembly, a pickingapparatus, a collection apparatus, and a crop ejector of FIG. 20, inwhich the picking apparatus is in a lowered picking position and inwhich a gripper of the picking apparatus is in an open picking position;

FIG. 23 illustrates a rear side view of the carriage assembly, thepicking apparatus, the collection apparatus, and the crop ejector ofFIG. 22;

FIG. 24 illustrates a right side view of the carriage assembly, thepicking apparatus, the collection apparatus, and the crop ejector ofFIG. 20, in which the picking apparatus is in a raised offload positionand a gripper of the picking apparatus is in a closed offload position;

FIG. 25 illustrates a rear side view of the carriage assembly, thepicking apparatus, the collection apparatus, and the crop ejector ofFIG. 24;

FIG. 26 illustrates a right side view of the carriage assembly, thepicking apparatus, the collection apparatus, and the crop ejector ofFIG. 20, in which the picking apparatus is in the raised offloadposition and the gripper of the picking apparatus is in an open offloadposition;

FIG. 27 illustrates a rear side view of the carriage assembly, thepicking apparatus, the collection apparatus, and the crop ejector ofFIG. 26;

FIG. 28 illustrates a perspective view of a leaf displacement system,according to an embodiment, hovering over the plant and growing bed ofFIG. 15 in an open configuration;

FIG. 29 illustrates a perspective view of the leaf displacement systemof FIG. 28 hovering over the plant and growing bed of FIG. 15 andbeginning to transition from the open configuration to a closedconfiguration;

FIG. 30 illustrates a perspective view of the leaf displacement systemof FIG. 28 hovering over the plant and growing bed of FIG. 15 andfurther transitioning from the open configuration to the closedconfiguration;

FIG. 31 illustrates a perspective view of the leaf displacement systemof FIG. 28 hovering over the plant and growing bed of FIG. 15 in theclosed configuration;

FIG. 32 illustrates a top, rear, left side perspective view of a portionof a harvesting vehicle, according to an embodiment, traveling throughrows of plant beds;

FIG. 33 illustrates a rear view of the portion of the harvesting vehicleof FIG. 32 traveling through the rows of plant beds of FIG. 32;

FIG. 34 illustrates a top view of the portion of the harvesting vehicleof FIG. 32 traveling through the rows of plant beds of FIG. 32;

FIG. 35 illustrates a top, rear, right side perspective view of a robotpositioning carrier (RPC) of FIG. 32;

FIG. 36 illustrates a bottom, front, right side view of the RPC of FIG.32 being carried by an RPC track of FIG. 33 and showing a portion of anRPC drive system of FIG. 32;

FIG. 37 illustrates a rear view of a portion of the RPC of FIG. 32 beingcarried by the RPC track of FIG. 33 and showing a drive mechanism of theRPC of FIG. 32 using an RPC drive shaft of FIG. 32;

FIG. 38 illustrates a set of time views over time showing side views ofa progression of an RPC on a track over a plant bed, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 39 illustrates a schematic of a portion of the plant bed of FIG.38, showing the position of robots carried by the RPC of FIG. 38 overtime;

FIG. 40 illustrates a top view of a portion of a vehicle over rows ofplant beds, according to an embodiment, in a progression of time viewsas the vehicle moves through the rows of plant beds;

FIG. 41 illustrates a top view of the portion of the vehicle of FIG. 40,showing an X-axis and a Y-axis in a coordinate system for a guidancecontrol system;

FIG. 42 illustrates a rear view of the vehicle of FIG. 40, showing theY-axis and a Z-axis in the coordinate system of FIG. 41 for a guidancecontrol system;

FIG. 43 illustrates a top view of a plant bed, showing holes punched forgrowing plants;

FIG. 44 illustrates a side view of suspension components for adjusting avertical position of a wheel with respect to a body, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 45 illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a vehicle,according to an embodiment, showing a body of the vehicle in a loweredsuspension position;

FIG. 46 illustrates a perspective view of the portion of the vehicle ofFIG. 45, showing the body of the vehicle in a raised suspensionposition;

FIG. 47 illustrates a flow chart for a method of selectively harvestingcrops, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 48 illustrates a flow chart for a method of providing a system forselectively harvesting crops, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 49 illustrates a flow chart for a method of holding foliage,according to an embodiment;

FIG. 50 illustrates a flow chart for a method of providing a system forfoliage holding, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 51 illustrates a flow chart for a method of facilitating asuspension system for a vehicle, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 52 illustrates a flow chart for a method of providing a harvestingvehicle with a suspension system, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 53 illustrates a flow chart for a method of performing robotpositioning with station-keeping, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 54 illustrates a flow chart for a method of providing a system forrobot positioning with station-keeping, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 55 illustrates a flow chart for a method of individual plantlocation positioning, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 56 illustrates a flow chart for a method of providing a vehiclewith individual plant location positioning, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 57 illustrates a block diagram of a robotic processing system,according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 58 illustrates a block diagram of a harvester processing system,according to an embodiment.

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figuresillustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions anddetails of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoidunnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Additionally, elementsin the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example,the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggeratedrelative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodimentsof the present disclosure. The same reference numerals in differentfigures denote the same elements.

The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in thedescription and in the claims, if any, are used for distinguishingbetween similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particularsequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the termsso used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such thatthe embodiments described herein are, for example, capable of operationin sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.Furthermore, the terms “include,” and “have,” and any variationsthereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that aprocess, method, system, article, device, or apparatus that comprises alist of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but mayinclude other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process,method, system, article, device, or apparatus.

The terms “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,”“under,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, areused for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describingpermanent relative positions. It is to be understood that the terms soused are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that theembodiments of the apparatus, methods, and/or articles of manufacturedescribed herein are, for example, capable of operation in otherorientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.

The terms “couple,” “coupled,” “couples,” “coupling,” and the likeshould be broadly understood and refer to connecting two or moreelements mechanically and/or otherwise. Two or more electrical elementsmay be electrically coupled together, but not be mechanically orotherwise coupled together. Coupling may be for any length of time,e.g., permanent or semi-permanent or only for an instant. “Electricalcoupling” and the like should be broadly understood and includeelectrical coupling of all types. The absence of the word “removably,”“removable,” and the like near the word “coupled,” and the like does notmean that the coupling, etc. in question is or is not removable.

As defined herein, two or more elements are “integral” if they arecomprised of the same piece of material. As defined herein, two or moreelements are “non-integral” if each is comprised of a different piece ofmaterial.

As defined herein, “approximately” can, in some embodiments, mean withinplus or minus ten percent of the stated value. In other embodiments,“approximately” can mean within plus or minus five percent of the statedvalue. In further embodiments, “approximately” can mean within plus orminus three percent of the stated value. In yet other embodiments,“approximately” can mean within plus or minus one percent of the statedvalue.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS

Various embodiments include a device for selectively harvesting crops ona plant. The device can include a picking apparatus. The pickingapparatus can be rotatable around a central axis. The picking apparatuscan include a plurality of grippers each spaced apart and extendingradially from the central axis, and each configured to pick a differentindividual one of the crops. Each of the plurality of grippers can beadjustable between an open position and a closed position. Each of theplurality of grippers can be configured in the open position to openaround the individual crop. Each of the plurality of grippers can beconfigured in the closed position to securely hold the individual cropwhen the picking apparatus is rotated around the central axis.

A number of embodiments include a method of providing a device forselectively harvesting crops on a plant. The method can includeproviding a picking apparatus. The picking apparatus can be rotatablearound a central axis. The picking apparatus can include a plurality ofgrippers each spaced apart and extending radially from the central axis,and each configured to pick a different individual one of the crops. Themethod also can include providing a carriage assembly. The carriageassembly can include a first rotational mechanism. The picking apparatuscan be configured to be coupled to the first rotational mechanism. Thefirst rotational mechanism can be configured to rotate the pickingapparatus around the central axis in a rotational path with respect tothe carriage assembly. Each of the plurality of grippers can beadjustable between an open position and a closed position. Each of theplurality of grippers can be configured in the open position to openaround the individual crop. Each of the plurality of grippers can beconfigured in the closed position to securely hold the individual cropwhen the picking apparatus is rotated around the central axis.

Some embodiments include a foliage displacement mechanism forfacilitating harvesting crops on a plant. The foliage displacementmechanism can include a back surface configured to extend normal to agrowing bed of the plant. The foliage displacement mechanism also caninclude a base configured to extend parallel to the growing bed from theback surface toward the plant. The foliage displacement mechanismfurther can include a curved surface extending from the base upward tothe back surface. The foliage displacement mechanism also can include achannel bisecting a front portion of the base and extending upwardthrough the curved surface, the channel being configured to surround acenter of the plant when the foliage displacement mechanism is movedtoward the plant. The foliage displacement mechanism can be configured,when moved toward the plant, to move the foliage upward and toward thecenter of the plant to expose at least a portion of the crops.

Various embodiments include a system. The system can include a pickingapparatus including a plurality of grippers each spaced apart andextending radially from a central axis of the picking apparatus, andeach configured to pick a different individual crop of crops of plants.The picking apparatus can be configured to use a first one of theplurality of grippers to pick a first individual crop of the crops at afirst time. During a second time period that starts with a second one ofthe plurality of grippers picking a second individual crop of the cropsand ends with a third one of the plurality of grippers picking a thirdindividual crop of the crops, the picking apparatus can be configured tooffload the first individual crop from the first one of the plurality ofgrippers. The second time period can start after the first time. Thesecond and third ones of the plurality of grippers can be configured tohold the second and third individual crops, respectively, at the end ofthe second time period.

A number of embodiments include a method. The method can includepicking, at a first time, a first individual crop of crops of plantsusing a picking apparatus. The picking apparatus can include a pluralityof grippers each spaced apart and extending radially from a central axisof the picking apparatus, and each configured to pick a differentindividual crop of the crops of the plants. The method also can includepicking a second individual crop of the crops to start a second timeperiod. The second time period can start after the first time. Themethod additionally can include offloading the first individual cropduring the second time period. The method further can include picking athird individual crop of the crops to end the second time period. Thepicking apparatus can hold the second and third individual crops at theend of the second time period.

Several embodiments include a method of providing a system. The methodcan include providing a picking apparatus. Providing the pickingapparatus can include providing a plurality of grippers. Providing thepicking apparatus can include attaching the plurality of grippers to thepicking apparatus such that the plurality of grippers are each spacedapart and extend radially from a central axis. The plurality of gripperseach can be configured to pick a different individual crop of crops ofplants. The picking apparatus can be configured to use a first one ofthe plurality of grippers to pick a first individual crop of the cropsat a first time. During a second time period that starts with a secondone of the plurality of grippers picking a second individual crop of thecrops and ends with a third one of the plurality of grippers picking athird individual crop of the crops, the picking apparatus can beconfigured to offload the first individual crop from the first one ofthe plurality of grippers. The second time period can start after thefirst time. The second and third ones of the plurality of grippers canbe configured to hold the second and third individual crops,respectively, at the end of the second time period.

Various embodiments include a system including a foliage displacementsystem. The foliage displacement system can include a support structureand two or more surfaces movably coupled to the support structure andconfigured to move between an open configuration of the foliagedisplacement system and a closed configuration of the foliagedisplacement system. The two or more surfaces can be configured to movefoliage of a plant toward a center of the plant such that crops of theplant that underlie the foliage are exposed when the foliagedisplacement system moves from the open configuration to the closedconfiguration.

Several embodiments include a method. The method can include movingfoliage of a plant toward a center of the plant using two or moresurfaces of a foliage displacement system such that crops of the plantthat underlie the foliage are exposed when the foliage displacementsystem moves from an open configuration of the foliage displacementsystem to a closed configuration of the foliage displacement system. Thefoliage displacement system can include a support structure and the twoor more surfaces. The two or more surfaces can be movably coupled to thesupport structure and configured to move between the open configurationto the closed configuration. The method also can include holding in astationary manner the foliage of the plant using the two or moresurfaces when the foliage displacement system is in the closedconfiguration to keep the crops of the plant exposed.

A number of embodiments include a method of providing a system. Themethod can include providing a foliage displacement system. Providing afoliage displacement system can include providing a support structure.Providing a foliage displacement system also can include providing twoor more surfaces. Providing a foliage displacement system further caninclude movably coupling the two or more surfaces to the supportstructure, such that the two or more surfaces are configured to movebetween an open configuration of the foliage displacement system and aclosed configuration of the foliage displacement system. The two or moresurfaces can be configured to move foliage of a plant toward a center ofthe plant such that crops of the plant that underlie the foliage areexposed when the foliage displacement system moves from the openconfiguration to the closed configuration.

Many embodiments include a harvesting vehicle. The harvesting vehiclecan include a body including a plurality of picking systems configuredto be carried over plants growing in one or more plant beds to harvestcrops of the plants. Each picking system can include an imaging systemand can be configured to (a) determine a height of the picking systemover one of the one or more plant beds as the picking system is carriedover the plants and (b) provide distance measurement data based on theheight. The harvesting vehicle also can include a plurality of wheelseach having a vertical position with respect to the body. The harvestingvehicle also can include a suspension control system configured toperform: receiving the distance measurement data from the plurality ofpicking systems; determining adjustment information for an adjustment ofthe vertical position of one or more of the plurality of wheels withrespect to the body based at least in part on the distance measurementdata provided by at least one of the plurality of picking systems; andcontrolling the adjustment of the vertical position of the one or moreof the plurality of wheels with respect to the body based on theadjustment information.

Some embodiments include a method. The method can include receivingdistance measurement data provided from a plurality of picking systemscarried by a harvesting vehicle over plants growing in one or more plantbeds to harvest crops of the plants. Each picking system can include animaging system and can be configured to determine a height of thepicking system over one of the one or more plant beds as the pickingsystem is carried over the plants. The distance measurement data can bebased on the height. The harvesting vehicle can include (a) a bodycomprising the plurality of picking systems and (b) a plurality ofwheels each having a vertical position with respect to the body. Themethod also can include determining adjustment information for anadjustment of the vertical position of one or more of the plurality ofwheels with respect to the body based at least in part on the distancemeasurement data provided by at least one of the plurality of pickingsystems. The method additionally can include controlling the adjustmentof the vertical position of the one or more of the plurality of wheelswith respect to the body based on the adjustment information.

Various embodiments include a method of providing a harvesting vehicle.The method can include providing a body comprising a plurality ofpicking systems configured to be carried over plants growing in one ormore plant beds to harvest crops of the plants. Each picking system caninclude an imaging system and configured to (a) determine a height ofthe picking system over one of the one or more plant beds as the pickingsystem is carried over the plants and (b) provide distance measurementdata based on the height. The method also can include providing aplurality of wheels each having a vertical position with respect to thebody. The method additionally can include providing a suspension controlsystem configured to perform: receiving the distance measurement datafrom the plurality of picking systems; determining adjustmentinformation for an adjustment of the vertical position of one or more ofthe plurality of wheels with respect to the body based at least in parton the distance measurement data provided by at least one of theplurality of picking systems; and controlling the adjustment of thevertical position of the one or more of the plurality of wheels withrespect to the body based on the adjustment information.

Several embodiments include a system. The system can include one or morefirst carriers each configured to carry two or more robotic systems. Thesystem also can include one or more second carriers configured to becoupled to a vehicle that is movable across a surface. Each of the oneor more first carriers each can be movably coupled to and carried by oneof the one or more second carriers. The system can be configured toautomatically hold each of the one or more first carriers in a firstcarrier position and stationary with respect to the surface for a firsttime period while the vehicle moves the one or more second carriers in afirst direction with respect to the surface, such that at least aportion of each of the two or more robotic systems carried by each ofthe one or more first carriers is carried in a stationary manner withrespect to the surface for the first time period by each of the one ormore first carriers.

A number of embodiments include a method. The method can include movinga vehicle across a surface in a first direction, such that one or moresecond carriers coupled to the vehicle are moved in the first directionwith respect to the surface. The one or more second carriers can bemovably coupled to and can be carrying one or more first carriers eachconfigured to carry two or more robotic systems. The method also caninclude automatically offsetting the movement in the first direction ofthe one or more second carriers to hold each of the one or more firstcarriers in a first carrier position and stationary with respect to thesurface for a first time period while the vehicle moves the one or moresecond carriers in the first direction, such that at least a portion ofeach of the two or more robotic systems carried by each of the one ormore first carriers is carried in a stationary manner with respect tothe surface for the first time period by each of the one or more firstcarriers.

Many embodiments include a method of providing a system. The method caninclude providing one or more first carriers each configured to carrytwo or more robotic systems. The method also can include providing oneor more second carriers configured to be coupled to a vehicle that ismovable across a surface. The method additionally can include movablycoupling each of the one or more first carriers to one of the one ormore second carriers, such that the each of the one or more firstcarriers is carried by the one of the one or more second carriers. Thesystem can include the one or more first carriers and the one or moresecond carriers. The system can be configured to automatically hold eachof the one or more first carriers in a first carrier position andstationary with respect to the surface for a first time period while thevehicle moves the one or more second carriers in a first direction withrespect to the surface, such that at least a portion of each of the twoor more robotic systems carried by each of the one or more firstcarriers is carried in a stationary manner with respect to the surfacefor the first time period by each of the one or more first carriers.

Some embodiments include a vehicle. The vehicle can include a body, aplurality of wheels movably coupled to the body, a guidance controlsystem. The plurality of wheels can be configured to roll through rowsbetween plant beds such that at least a portion of the body moves abovethe plant beds. The guidance control system can be configured to guidethe vehicle along the rows. The guidance control system can beconfigured to track a different individual plant location of eachindividual plant of plants that are either planned for growth or growingin the plant beds.

Several embodiments include a method. The method can include guiding avehicle along rows. The rows can be between plant beds. The vehicle caninclude a body, a plurality of wheels movable coupled to the body, and aguidance control system. The plurality of wheels can be configured tomove along the rows such that at least a portion of the body moves abovethe plant beds. The method also can include Tracking a differentindividual plant location of each individual plant of plants that areeither planned for growth or growing in the plant beds.

Further embodiments include a method of providing a vehicle. The methodcan include providing a body, providing a plurality of wheels movablycoupled to the body, and providing a guidance control system. Theplurality of wheels can be configured to roll through rows between plantbeds such that at least a portion of the body moves above the plantbeds. The guidance control system can be configured to guide the vehiclealong the rows. The guidance control system can be configured to track adifferent individual plant location of each individual plant of plantsthat are either planned for growth or growing in the plant beds.

Additional embodiments include a system. The system can include apicking apparatus including at least two grippers. Each of the at leasttwo grippers can extend radially from a central axis of the pickingapparatus. Each of the at least two grippers can be configured to pick adifferent individual crop of crops of a plant. The system can beconfigured to rotate the at least two grippers of the picking apparatusaround the central axis in a rotational path. The system can beconfigured to stop rotation of the picking apparatus when a firstgripper of the at least two grippers is rotated to a picking positionalong the rotational path. The system can be configured to adjust anopening width of the first gripper at the picking position to pick afirst individual crop of the crops of the plant. The opening width ofthe first gripper can be adjusted based on a size of the firstindividual crop to fit the first gripper around the first individualcrop.

Further embodiments include a method. The method can include providing asystem comprising a picking apparatus. The picking apparatus can includeat least two grippers. Each of the at least two grippers can extendradially from a central axis of the picking apparatus. Each of the atleast two grippers can be configured to pick a different individual cropof crops of a plant. the method also can include configuring the systemto rotate the at least two grippers of the picking apparatus around thecentral axis in a rotational path. The method additionally can includeconfiguring the system to stop rotation of the picking apparatus when afirst gripper of the at least two grippers is rotated to a pickingposition along the rotational path. The method further can includeconfiguring the system to adjust an opening width of the first gripperat the picking position to pick a first individual crop of the crops ofthe plant. The opening width of the first gripper can be adjusted basedon a size of the first individual crop to fit the first gripper aroundthe first individual crop.

Additional embodiments include a system. The system can include a firstcarrier configured to carry at least one first robotic system. Thesystem also can include a second carrier configured to be coupled to avehicle that is movable across a surface. The first carrier can bemovably coupled to and carried by the second carrier. The system can beconfigured to automatically hold the first carrier in a first positionand stationary in a first direction with respect to the surface during afirst time period while the vehicle moves the second carrier in thefirst direction with respect to the surface during the first timeperiod, such that at least a portion the at least one first roboticsystem carried by the first carrier is stationary in the first directionwith respect to the surface during the first time period.

Further embodiments include a method. The method can include moving avehicle across a surface in a first direction, such that a secondcarrier coupled to the vehicle is moved in the first direction withrespect to the surface. The second carrier can be movably coupled to andcarrying a first carrier. The first carrier can be configured to carryat least one first robotic system. The method also can includeautomatically offsetting the movement in the first direction of thesecond carrier to hold the first carrier in a first position andstationary in the first direction with respect to the surface during afirst time period while the vehicle moves the second carrier in thefirst direction with respect to the surface during the first timeperiod, such that at least a portion of the at least one first roboticsystem carried by the first carrier is stationary manner in the firstdirection with respect to the surface during the first time period.

Turning to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a top, front, left sideperspective view of a harvesting robot 100. FIG. 2 illustrates a bottom,back, right side perspective view of harvesting robot 100. Harvestingrobot 100 is merely exemplary, and embodiments of the harvesting robotare not limited to embodiments presented herein. The harvesting robotcan be employed in many different embodiments or examples notspecifically depicted or described herein. In many embodiments,harvesting robot 100 can include a picking apparatus 110, a carriageassembly 140, and/or a carrier assembly 170. In several embodiments,harvesting robot 100 can be configured to harvest crops from plants. Insome embodiments, harvesting robot 100 can be used to harvest crops suchas strawberries from strawberry plants. In the same or otherembodiments, harvesting robot 100 can be used to harvest crops such astomatoes, peppers (e.g., bell peppers, chili peppers, etc.), oranges,and/or other suitable crops. In a number of embodiments, harvestingrobot 100 can be configured to selectively pick crops (e.g., ripe crops)from plants, and leave other crops (e.g., unripe crops) on the plants.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 3 illustrates a top, front, rightside perspective view of picking apparatus 110. Picking apparatus 110 ismerely exemplary, and embodiments of the picking apparatus are notlimited to embodiments presented herein. The picking apparatus can beemployed in many different embodiments or examples not specificallydepicted or described herein. In many embodiments, picking apparatus 110can be rotatable around a central axis 311. In a number of embodiments,picking apparatus 110 can include one or more grippers, such as grippers312, 313, 314, and/or 315. In various embodiments, each of the grippers(e.g., 312-315) can be used to pick a different individual one of thecrops. For example, gripper 312 can be used to pick a first strawberry;gripper 313 can be used to pick a second strawberry; gripper 314 can beused to pick a third strawberry; and/or gripper 315 can be used to picka fourth strawberry. In a number of embodiments, picking apparatus 110can include four grippers (e.g., 312-315), such as shown in FIG. 3. Inother embodiments, the number of grippers (e.g., 312-315) on pickingapparatus 110 can be one, two, three, five, six, seven, eight, nine,ten, or another suitable number of grippers. In some embodiments, thenumber of grippers can be even numbered. In other embodiments, thenumber of grippers can be odd numbered. In several embodiments, thenumber of grippers (e.g., 312-315) on picking apparatus 110 can be basedon the average number of individual crops (e.g., strawberries, etc.)expected to be harvested from a plant, the time it takes to offload theindividual crops from the grippers (e.g., 312-315), a compromise (suchas an optimal compromise) between the maximum number of individual cropsexpected to be harvested and the time it takes to offload the individualcrops, and/or other suitable factors. Each gripper can be identical tothe other grippers in picking apparatus 110.

In a number of embodiments, the grippers (e.g., 312-315) can be spacedapart and/or can extend radially from central axis 311. In manyembodiments, the grippers (e.g., 312-315) can be facing radiallyoutwards from a rotational circumference of picking apparatus 110. Insome embodiments, the gripper can be equally spaced apart on pickingapparatus 110. In several embodiments, picking apparatus 110 can includea frame 316, which can include one or more spokes, such as spokes 317,318, 319, and/or 320. In various embodiments, each gripper (e.g.,312-315) can be attached to a different spoke (e.g., 317-320). Forexample, as shown in FIG. 3, gripper 312 can be attached to spoke 317;gripper 313 can be attached to spoke 318; gripper 314 can be attached tospoke 319; and/or gripper 315 can be attached to spoke 320. In otherembodiments, frame 316 can be a solid wheel with or without spokes, andthe grippers (e.g., 312-315) can be attached to the solid wheel of frame316. In various embodiments, frame 316 can include an attachmentmechanism, such as attachment mechanism 321. In many embodiments,attachment mechanism 321 can be used to rotate picking apparatus 110around central axis 311.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 4 illustrates a front view ofgripper 312 in an open position. FIG. 5 illustrates a front view ofgripper 312 in a closed position. Gripper 312 is merely exemplary, andembodiments of the gripper are not limited to embodiments presentedherein. The gripper can be employed in many different embodiments orexamples not specifically depicted or described herein. In manyembodiments, each of the other grippers (e.g., 313-315 (FIG. 3)) onpicking apparatus 110 (FIG. 3) can be identical or similar to gripper312. In several embodiments, gripper 312 can be adjustable between theopen position, as shown in FIG. 4, and the closed position, as shown inFIG. 5. In a number of embodiments, gripper 312 can be configured in theopen position (as shown in FIG. 4) to open around an individual crop,such as a single strawberry growing on a strawberry plant, or anothersuitable crop. In many embodiments, gripper 312 can be configured in theclosed position (as shown in FIG. 5) to securely hold the individualcrop, such as strawberry 535, when picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3) ismoved and/or rotated around central axis 311 (FIG. 3).

In various embodiments, gripper 312 can include a first claw piece 410and a second claw piece 420. In other embodiments, gripper 312 caninclude a single claw or scoop piece and one or more support pieces. Inyet other embodiments, gripper 312 can include three or more clawpieces. In many embodiments, first claw piece 410 can include a firstclaw frame 411 and/or second claw piece 420 can include a second clawframe 421. In some embodiments, first claw frame 411 can provide rigidsupport for first claw piece 410, and/or second claw frame 421 canprovide rigid support for second claw piece 420. In a number ofembodiments, first claw frame 411 and/or second claw frame 421 can bemade of a suitable rigid polymer (e.g., polycarbonate (PC),acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)), metal (e.g., aluminum), oranother suitable material.

In many embodiments, first claw piece 410 can include a first clawsurface 412, and/or second claw piece 420 can include a second clawsurface 422. In a number of embodiments, first claw surface 412 can beattached to and/or can at least partially cover first claw frame 411,and/or second claw surface 422 can be attached to and/or can at leastpartially cover second claw frame 421. In a number of embodiments, firstclaw surface 412 and/or second claw surface 422 can be made of a softand/or elastic material, such as silicone rubber, thermoplasticelastomer (TPE) (e.g., thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)), rubber, foam,neoprene, or another suitable material that can provide a gentle, soft,and/or compliant surface for contacting, without damaging, the crops,and/or that can be suitable for contact with food. For example, firstclaw surface 412 and/or second claw surface 422 can be made of 20 AShore durometer silicone rubber. First claw surface 412 and/or secondclaw surface 422 can be within a range of durometer, such as below 50 AShore durometer.

In many embodiments, first claw piece 410 can include a first tip 413,and/or second claw piece 420 can include a second tip 423. In manyembodiments, first tip 413 and/or second tip 423 can be wedge-shapedand/or configured to be inserted between crops to separate an individualcrop from proximate crops (e.g., a cluster of crops) in order to pickthe individual crop without damaging the proximate crops. For example,if a crop to be picked is located between two other nearby crops, firsttip 413 can be configured to be wedged between the crop to be picked andanother one of the nearby crops, and second tip 423 can be configured tobe wedged between the crop to be picked and the other one of the nearbycrops, which can separate and/or isolate the individual crop to bepicked from the nearby crops without damaging the nearby crops.

In some embodiments, first claw piece 410 can include a retentionsurface 518, and/or second claw piece 420 can include a retentionsurface 528. Retention surface 518 and/or retention surface 528 can beconfigured to securely hold the crop (e.g., strawberry 535) in gripper312. In several embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 5, retention surface518 and/or retention surface 528 can each include a concave surface,which can at least partially surround the crop (e.g., strawberry 535) tofacilitate securely holding the crop.

In several embodiments, gripper 312 can be spring biased to be in theopen position, as shown in FIG. 4. In a number of embodiments, gripper312 can include a displacement block 430, which can be coupled to spoke317, and which can be configured to slide radially inward and outwardalong spoke 317. In several embodiments, displacement block 430 caninclude a pin 431, which can facilitate coupling displacement block 430to spoke 317. In many embodiments, spoke 317 can include a compressionspring 432, which can compress when displacement block 430 is adjustedoutward along spoke 317 to adjust gripper 312 to the closed position, asshown in FIG. 5, and which can be biased to press displacement block 430inward along spoke 317 to adjust gripper 312 to the open position, asshown in FIG. 4. In various embodiments, gripper 312 can include one ormore spring guards, such as spring guard 433 and/or spring guard 434,which can cover and/or protect compression spring 432.

In many embodiments, a first claw piece 410 can include a firstdisplacement mounting portion 416 and a spoke mounting portion 417,and/or second claw piece 420 can include a second displacement mountingportion 426 and a spoke mounting portion 427. In a number ofembodiments, spoke mounting portion 417 and/or spoke mounting portion427 can be hingedly coupled to spoke 317, such as at a hinge 419 and/ora hinge 429, respectively. In several embodiments, first displacementmounting portion 416 and/or second displacement mounting portion 426 canbe linkedly attached to displacement block 430, such that adjusting theposition of displacement block 430 can adjust first claw piece 410and/or second claw piece 420 between the open position, as shown in FIG.4, and the closed position, as shown in FIG. 5, such as by rotatingfirst claw piece 410 around hinge 419 and/or rotating second claw piece420 around hinge 429.

In many embodiments, gripper 312 can include a first strip 414, a firstlinkage piece 415, a second strip 424, and/or a second linkage piece425. First strip 414 and/or second strip 424 can be coupled todisplacement block 430. First linkage piece 415 can be hingedly coupledto first displacement mounting portion 416 at a hinge 418, and can becoupled, such as slidably coupled, to first strip 414. Second linkagepiece 425 can be hingedly coupled to second displacement mountingportion 426 at a hinge 428, and can be coupled, such as slidablycoupled, to second strip 424. In many embodiments, first strip 414and/or second strip 424 can be made of a flexible and/orabrasive-resistant semi-rigid material, such asultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene (UHMWPE). As shown inFIGS. 4-5, as displacement block 430 is adjusted radially outward onspoke 317, first strip 414 can push first claw piece 410 forward torotate around hinge 419 to the closed position, and first linkage piece415 can slide outwardly along first strip 414 away from displacementblock 430 as the position of first displacement mounting portion 416 isadjusted. Similarly, as displacement block 430 is adjusted radiallyoutward on spoke 317, second strip 424 can push second claw piece 420forward to rotate around hinge 429 to the closed position, and secondlinkage piece 425 can slide outwardly along second strip 424 away fromdisplacement block 430 as the position of second displacement mountingportion 426 is adjusted.

In several embodiments, as displacement block 430 is adjusted radiallyoutward on spoke 317, first strip 414 and/or second strip 424 can bendbackward (i.e., toward a center of frame 316 (FIG. 3)) to account forfirst claw piece 410 and/or second claw piece 420, respectively, notfully pushing forward in their rotation around hinge 419 and/or hinge429, respectively. For example, if gripper 312 is utilized to pick alarge-size crop, the size of the crop can prevent first claw piece 410and/or second claw piece 420 from being fully pushed forward in theirrotation around hinge 419 and/or hinge 429, respectively. Whendisplacement block 430 is adjusted radially outward on spoke 317, firststrip 414 and/or second strip 424 can provide spring-loaded bias onfirst claw piece 410 and/or second claw piece 420, respectively, tosecurely hold a crop (e.g., strawberry 535) in gripper 312. In a numberof embodiments, the spring-loaded bending of first strip 414 and/orsecond strip 424 can advantageously allow gripper 312 to pick crops ofvarious different sizes and securely hold those different-sized cropswithout damaging the crops. For example, gripper 312 can be configuredto pick strawberries ranging from small-sized strawberries tolarge-sized strawberries.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 6 illustrates a top, front, leftside perspective view of carriage assembly 140, showing a stationary cam669, and covers of a top base 641, a guide assembly 651, and a gearhousing 652. FIG. 7 illustrates a bottom, front, left side perspectiveview of various internal components of carriage assembly 140, and notshowing stationary cam 669 and the covers of top base 641, guideassembly 651, and gear housing 652. FIG. 8 illustrates a rear view ofcarriage assembly 140, showing stationary cam 669 and the covers of topbase 641, guide assembly 651, and gear housing 652, and showing variousinternal components in gear housing 652. Carriage assembly 140 is merelyexemplary, and embodiments of the carriage assembly are not limited toembodiments presented herein. The carriage assembly can be employed inmany different embodiments or examples not specifically depicted ordescribed herein. In many embodiments, carriage assembly 140 can includea carriage support assembly 640 and a carriage 650. In many embodiments,carriage 650 can be vertically adjustable with respect to carriagesupport assembly 640.

In a number of embodiments, carriage support assembly 640 can includetop base 641 and/or a bottom base 642. In several embodiments, carriagesupport assembly 640 can include a left guide pole 643 and/or a rightguide pole 644, which can each extend from top base 641 to bottom base642. In some embodiments carriage support assembly can include avertical adjustment shaft 645. In many embodiments, vertical adjustmentshaft 645 can extend from top base 641 to bottom base 642, and canrotate with respect to top base 641 and bottom base 642. In a number ofembodiments, vertical adjustment shaft 645 can be a threaded shaft, suchas a lead screw. In a number of embodiments, top base 641 can include agear enclosure 647. In various embodiments, carriage support assembly640 can include a motor 646. Motor 646 can be a stepper motor or anothersuitable motor. In a number of embodiments, motor 646 can control therotation of vertical adjustment shaft 645. For example, as shown in FIG.7, which shows the components within gear enclosure 647 (FIG. 6, 8) andwhich does not show the cover of gear enclosure 647 itself, motor 646can be coupled to a gear 746 inside first gear enclosure 647, andvertical adjustment shaft 645 can be coupled to a gear 745 inside gearenclosure 647 (FIG. 6, 8). Gear 745 can be positioned to engage withgear 746 within gear enclosure 647 (FIG. 6, 8). By rotating verticaladjustment shaft 645, motor 646 can control the vertical position ofcarriage 650.

In several embodiments, carriage 650 can include guide assembly 651. Asshown in FIG. 7, which shows the components within guide assembly 651and which does not show the cover of guide assembly 651 itself, guideassembly 651 can include left linear bearings 750 and/or right linearbearings 751. In various embodiments, left linear bearings 750 can beguide the vertical motion of carriage 650 along left guide pole 643,and/or right linear bearings 751 can guide the vertical motion ofcarriage 650 along right guide pole 644. In several embodiments,carriage assembly 140 can include one or more springs, such as spring648 and spring 849, which can extend from carriage 650 to top base 641of carriage support assembly 640. Spring 648 and spring 849 can beextension springs, which can beneficially support carriage 650 todecrease the force required to vertically lift carriage 650 with respectto carriage support assembly 640.

In many embodiments, carriage 650 can include gear housing 652. As shownin FIG. 7, which shows the components inside gear housing 652 and whichdoes not show the cover of gear housing 652 itself, carriage 650 caninclude a carriage position piece 752, which can be attached to verticaladjustment shaft 645 and can be configured to vertically adjust theposition of the carriage upon rotational movement of vertical adjustmentshaft 645. In several embodiments, carriage position piece 752 can be alead screw nut that has a threading corresponding to vertical adjustmentshaft 645.

In a number of embodiments, carriage 650 can include a rotational shaft655. Rotational shaft 655 can be configured to couple to pickingapparatus 110 (FIG. 1-3). For example, rotational shaft 655 can attachto attachment mechanism 321 (FIG. 3). In many embodiments, carriage 650can include a motor 654. Motor 654 can be a stepper motor or anothersuitable motor. In several embodiments, motor 654 can control therotation of a rotational shaft 655 and/or picking apparatus 110. Forexample, motor 654 can be configured to control the rotationalpositioning of the grippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) on pickingapparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3). As shown in FIG. 8, which shows variousinternal components within gear housing 652 (FIG. 6), motor 654 can becoupled to a gear 854 inside gear housing 652 (FIG. 6), and rotationalshaft 655 can be coupled to a gear 855 inside gear housing 652 (FIG. 6).Gear 854 can be positioned to engage with gear 855 within gear housing652 (FIG. 6). For example, gear 854 can be a worm, and gear 855 can be acorresponding worm gear. By rotating rotational shaft 655, motor 654 cancontrol the rotational position of picking apparatus 110 (FIG. 1-3).

In several embodiments, carriage 650 can include stationary cam 669(FIGS. 6, 8, not shown in FIG. 7). In a number of embodiments,rotational shaft 655 can pass through a central region of stationary cam669. In many embodiments, stationary cam 669 can facilitate controllingthe adjustment position (e.g., open position, closed position) of thegrippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) on picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3)as the grippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) rotate around central axis 311(FIG. 3), as shown in FIGS. 10-11 and described below in greater detail.

In some embodiments, carriage 650 can include an actuation cam 660.Actuation cam 660 can be configured to facilitate controlling theadjustment position (e.g., open position, closed position) of thegrippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) on picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3)as each of the grippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) are positioned aboveand utilized to pick a crop, as shown in FIG. 10-11 and described belowin greater detail. In many embodiments, actuation cam 660 can be a snaildrop cam. In various embodiments, carriage 650 can include a motor 653.Motor 653 can be a stepper motor or another suitable motor. In manyembodiments, motor 653 can be coupled to and/or can control the rotationof actuation cam 660

In some embodiments, carriage 650 can include an actuator 661. As shownin FIG. 7, which shows components of carriage 650 (FIGS. 6, 8) withstationary cam 669 (FIGS. 6, 8) removed, actuator can include a driveportion 761, which can fit vertically between left actuator bearings 766and right actuator bearings 767 on carriage 650 (FIGS. 6, 8), and canadjust vertically to transfer the control position of actuation cam 660to the gripper (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)), which can adjust the adjustmentposition (e.g., open position, closed position) of the gripper (e.g.,312-315 (FIG. 3)), as shown in FIGS. 10-11 and described below ingreater detail. In various embodiments, drive portion 761 can include asliding slot 764, which can allow actuator 661 to surround rotationalshaft 655, and which can allow vertical movement of actuator 661 withrespect to rotational shaft 655. In a number of embodiments, actuator661 can include guide portions 762, which can each fit horizontallybetween left actuator bearings 766 and right actuator bearings 767,respectively. For example, guide portions 762 can guide the verticaladjustment of actuator 661 between, and prevent the vertical movementbeyond, the top bearings and bottom bearings of left bearings 766 and/orright bearings 767. In certain embodiments guide portions 762 caninclude attachment pieces 763, which can attach actuator 661 toattachment bases 765 on gear housing 652 (FIGS. 6, 8) of carriage 650(FIGS. 6, 8) via springs (e.g., extension springs) or other suitableelastic components, in order to bias actuator 661 in a vertically upwardposition to engage with actuation cam 660.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 9 illustrates a top, rear, left sideperspective view of actuation cam 660, actuator 661, and stationary cam669. Actuation cam 660, actuator 661, and stationary cam 669 are merelyexemplary, and embodiments of the actuation cam, actuator, andstationary cam are not limited to embodiments presented herein. Theactuation cam, actuator, and stationary cam can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In many embodiments, actuator 661 can include a cam interfacepiece 960, which can follow the shape of actuation cam 660 to adjust theposition of actuator 661. In several embodiments, actuation cam 660 canbe attached to motor 653 (FIGS. 6-8) at rotation point 961, andactuation cam 660 can rotate around rotation point 961. In manyembodiments, actuation cam 660 can rotate in a counter-clockwisedirection, as viewed from the rear perspective shown FIG. 9. Asactuation cam 660 rotates, cam interface piece 960 can move alongactuation cam 660 from a base point 962 of actuation cam 660 to a peakpoint 963 of actuation cam 660, which can push actuator 661 verticallydownward. As actuation cam 660 rotates further, cam interface piece 960can drop back from peak point 963 to base point 962.

In several embodiments, actuator 661 can include a gripper interfaceportion 969, which can interface with a gripper (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3))on picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3) to adjust the adjustment positionof the gripper (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) between the open position (asshown in FIG. 4) and the closed position (as shown in FIG. 5). Thegradual, continuous increase of actuation cam 660 can beneficially allowmotor 653 (FIGS. 6-8) to precisely control the vertical position ofactuator 661, which can advantageously allow motor 653 to preciselycontrol the adjustment position of the gripper (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3))on picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3). For example, motor 653, actuationcam 660, and actuator 661 can be used to precisely adjust the positionof first tip 413 (FIGS. 4-5) of first claw piece 410 (FIGS. 4-5) andsecond tip 423 (FIGS. 4-5) of second claw piece 420 (FIGS. 4-5) in orderto fit around an individual crop to be picked, and to separate and/orisolate the individual crop to be picked from the other nearby cropswithout damaging the nearby crops.

In a number of embodiments, stationary cam 669 can include a circularslot 968, which can be configured to surround rotational shaft 655(FIGS. 6-7). In several embodiments, stationary cam 669 can have a fixedposition with respect to carriage 650 (FIGS. 6, 8), and the grippers(e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) on picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3) can rotatearound stationary cam 669. In many embodiments, the rotational path ofstationary cam 669 can include a first portion 964. Stationary cam 669can be configured to hold the grippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) onpicking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3) in a closed position (as shown in FIG.5) along first portion 964 of the rotational path. In severalembodiments, the rotational path of stationary cam 669 can include asecond portion 965. In a number of embodiments, second portion 965 ofthe rotational path can include a release position 967 and a pickingposition 966. Stationary cam 669 can be configured to allow the grippers(e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) on picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3) to open tothe open position (as shown in FIG. 4) along second portion 965 of therotational path from release position 967 to picking position 966.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 10 illustrates a rear view ofactuation cam 660, actuator 661, stationary cam 669, and pickingapparatus 110 with gripper 312 in picking position 966 being in the openposition. FIG. 11 illustrates a rear, right side perspective view ofactuation cam 660, actuator 661, stationary cam 669, and pickingapparatus 110 with gripper 312 in picking position 966 being in theclosed position. In a number of embodiments, gripper 312 can include adisplacement pin 1032 and/or a bearing 1012. In a number of embodiments,displacement pin 1032 can be identical to or attached to pin 431 (FIGS.4-5). In many embodiments, displacement pin 1032 can be coupled todisplacement block 430 (FIGS. 4-5), such that adjusting displacement pin1032 can adjust displacement block 430. In many embodiments, bearing1012 can be centered on displacement pin 1032, and can rotate along therotational path of stationary cam 669. Similarly, gripper 313 caninclude a displacement pin 1033 and/or a bearing 1013; gripper 314 caninclude a displacement pin 1034 and/or a bearing 1014; and/or gripper315 can include a displacement pin 1035 and/or a bearing 1015.Displacement pin 1033, displacement pin 1034, and/or displacement pin1035 can be similar or identical to displacement pin 1032. Bearing 1013,bearing 1014, and/or bearing 1015 can be similar or identical to bearing1012.

In many embodiments, motor 654 (FIGS. 6-8) can rotate picking apparatus110 in a counter-clockwise direction, as viewed from the rearperspective shown in FIGS. 10-11. Gripper 312 can be rotated to pickingposition 966 of second portion 965 of the rotational path of thegrippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) along stationary cam 669. In manyembodiments, stationary cam 669 can include a stopping edge 1066, whichcan stop bearing 1012 in the rotation of picking apparatus 110 to stopgripper 312 at picking position 966. In many embodiments, when gripper312 is in picking position 966, gripper 312 can be facing downward toallow gripper 312 to pick a crop from a growing bed. When gripper 312 isrotated to picking position 966, actuation cam 660 can be rotated suchthat cam interface piece 960 of actuator 661 can be at base point 962 ofactuation cam 660 and actuator 661 is adjusted upwards (e.g., retracted)with respect to stationary cam 669. When actuator 661 is in theretracted position, as shown in FIG. 10, gripper interface portion 969of actuator 661 can be at or proximate to second portion 965 ofstationary cam 669, such that gripper 312 can remain in the openposition.

In several embodiments, as gripper 312 rotates toward picking position966, gripper 315 can rotate along the rotational path of stationary cam669 from first portion 964 to second portion 965 at release position967. In many embodiments, stationary cam 669 can include a release edge1067, which can allow gripper 315 to gradually open from the closedposition (as shown in FIG. 5) to the open position (as shown in FIG. 4)at release position 967. When gripper 315 is rotated to release position967 and opens to the open position, gripper 315 can release a crop thatit is holding, such as in a collection device. When gripper 312 is atpicking position 966 and gripper 315 is at release position 967,grippers 313 and 314 can be positioned along first portion 964 of therotational path of stationary cam 669, which can hold grippers 313 and314 in the closed position, as shown in FIG. 10. For example, grippers313 and 314 can each be holding a crop.

In many embodiments, at picking position 966 and in the open position,as shown in FIG. 10, gripper 312 can be ready to pick a crop from aplant. In several embodiments, carrier 170 (FIG. 1) can move carriagesupport assembly 140 such that gripper 312 is positioned over the cropto be picked. Motor 653 (FIGS. 6-8) can rotate actuation cam 660 toengage gripper interface portion 969 of actuator 661 with displacementpin 1032 of gripper 312 to adjust the position of first claw piece 410(FIGS. 4-5) and second claw piece 420 (FIGS. 4-5) of gripper 312 inorder to fit around the individual crop to be picked. For example, ifthe crop is a larger, such as a large-sized strawberry, gripper 312 canbe set to a wider opening in the open position, and if the crop issmaller, such as a small-sized strawberry, gripper 312 can be set to anarrow opening in the open position, which can allow gripper 312 toseparate and/or isolate the individual crop to be picked from the othernearby crops without damaging the nearby crops.

When gripper 312 is adjusted to the appropriate opening width for thecrop to be picked, carriage support assembly 140 can lower carriage 150such that first claw piece 410 (FIGS. 4-5) and second claw piece 420(FIGS. 4-5) of gripper 312 can surround the crop to be picked. Motor 653(FIGS. 6-8) can rotate actuation cam 660 such that cam interface piece960 can move along actuation cam 660 to peak point 963, which can pushextend actuator 661 to an extended position, as shown in FIG. 11. Asactuator 661 is extended, gripper interface portion 969 of actuator 661can push displacement pin 1032 to adjust the position of gripper 312 tothe closed position (as shown in FIG. 11). When gripper 312 is in theclosed position, bearing 1012 of gripper 312 can be extended beyondstopping edge 1066 of stationary cam 669, such that gripper 312 can berotated along first portion 964 of the rotational path of stationary cam669. In many embodiments, gripper 312 can securely hold the picked cropas gripper 312 rotates along first portion 964. After gripper 312 picksthe crop, motor 654 (FIGS. 6-8) can rotate picking apparatus 110 suchthat gripper 315 is rotated to picking position 966. Although pickingapparatus 110 is shown with 4 grippers (e.g., 312-315), pickingapparatus 110 can include fewer or additional grippers, and firstportion 964 and second portion 965 of the rotational path of stationarycam 669 can be adjusted accordingly.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 12 illustrates a bottom, rear, rightside perspective view of carrier assembly 170. FIG. 13 illustrates a topview of harvesting robot 100, showing carrier assembly 170 coupled tocarriage assembly 140 (FIGS. 1-2, 6-8) and picking apparatus 110.Carrier assembly 170 is merely exemplary, and embodiments of the carrierassembly are not limited to embodiments presented herein. The carrierassembly can be employed in many different embodiments or examples notspecifically depicted or described herein. In several embodiments,carrier assembly 170 can include a mounting bearing 1274. In manyembodiments, carrier assembly 170 and/or harvesting robot 100 can bemounted above a plant to be harvested at mounting bearing 1274. In anumber of embodiments, mounting bearing 1274 can be a geared slewingbearing, which can be used to rotate carrier assembly 170 and/orharvesting robot 100 with respect to the plant. For example, harvestingrobot 100 can rotate in a clockwise and/or counterclockwise direction,as viewed from the top perspective shown FIG. 13, around mountingbearing 1274.

In many embodiments, carrier assembly 170 can include an carriageattachment base 1284, which can be configured to couple to top base 641(FIGS. 6, 8) in order to couple carriage assembly 140 to carrierassembly 170 and to move carriage assembly 140 with respect carrierassembly 170. In a number of embodiments, carrier assembly 170 caninclude a motor 1275. Motor 1275 can be a stepper motor or anothersuitable motor. In several embodiments, motor 1275 can control therotation of an adjustment shaft 1278 to adjust the position of carriageattachment base 1284 and/or carriage assembly 140 with respect tomounting bearing 1274. In a number of embodiments, adjustment shaft 1278can be a threaded shaft, such as a lead screw.

In some embodiments, carrier assembly 170 can include a foliagedisplacement base 1281, which can be coupled to a foliage displacementmechanism 1400, as shown in FIG. 14 and described below. In a number ofembodiments, foliage displacement mechanism 1400 (FIG. 14) can beattached to foliage displacement base 1281 at attachment portions 1282and 1383. In many embodiments, carrier assembly 170 can include a motor1276. Motor 1276 can be a stepper motor or another suitable motor. Invarious embodiments, motor 1276 can control the rotation of anadjustment shaft 1277 to adjust the position of foliage displacementbase 1281 with respect to mounting bearing 1274. In a number ofembodiments, adjustment shaft 1277 can be a threaded shaft, such as alead screw.

In several embodiments, carrier assembly 170 can include rails 1279 and1280, which can allow carriage attachment base 1284 and/or foliagedisplacement base 1281 to adjustably slide radially inward and outwardwith respect to mounting bearing 1274. In many embodiments, carrierassembly 170 can include one or more imaging sensors 1290 and/or 1291.Imaging sensors 1290 and/or 1291 can be cameras configured to detectoptical image information. In a number of embodiments, carrier assembly1270 can include an electronics unit 1271. In some embodiments,electronics unit 1271 can include a control unit 1272 and/or aprocessing unit 1273. In a number of embodiments, processing unit 1273can include one or more processors configured to receive informationfrom imaging sensors 1290 and/or 1291 to determine the location of thecrops to be harvested. For example, processing unit can be configured todetermine that certain crops are ripe and ready to be harvested, andother crops are not yet ripe or are damaged, and should not beharvested. In various embodiments, control unit 1272 can be electricallycoupled to processing unit 1273 and/or can include one or morecontrollers to control the motors in harvesting robot 100, such as motor646 (FIGS. 6-8), motor 653 (FIGS. 6-8), motor 654 (FIG. 6-8), motor 1275(FIGS. 12-13), and/or motor 1276 (FIGS. 12-13).

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 14 illustrates a bottom, front,right side perspective view of a foliage displacement mechanism 1400.Foliage displacement mechanism 1400 is merely exemplary, and embodimentsof the foliage displacement mechanism are not limited to embodimentspresented herein. The foliage displacement mechanism can be employed inmany different embodiments or examples not specifically depicted ordescribed herein. In many embodiments, foliage displacement mechanism1400 can be configured to move foliage of a plant to expose at least aportion of the crops under the foliage, which can allow imaging sensors1290 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or 1291 (FIGS. 12-13) to detect the crops and/orallow the grippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIGS. 3, 10-11)) of picking apparatus110 (FIGS. 1-3) to pick the crops.

In several embodiments, foliage displacement mechanism 1400 can includea back surface 1410. In many embodiments, back surface 1410 can have aplanar rectangular shape. In a number of embodiments, back surface 1410can be configured to extend normal to a growing bed of the plant, asshown in FIG. 15 and described below. In several embodiments, foliagedisplacement mechanism 1400 can include a base 1420. Base 1420 can beconfigured to extend parallel to the growing bed of the plant from aback edge 1411 at back surface 1410 toward the center of the plant, asshown in FIG. 15 and described below. In a number of embodiments, base1420 can have a semicircular shape.

In several embodiments, foliage displacement mechanism 1400 can includea surface 1440. Surface 1440 can extend from base 1420 upward to backsurface 1410. In a number of embodiments, at least one or more portionsof surface 1440 can be curved and/or have a concave shape. In someembodiments, at least one or more portions of surface 1440 can be shapedas at least a portion of an ellipse. In several embodiments, foliagedisplacement mechanism 1400 can include a channel 1450. In manyembodiments, channel 1450 can extend from base 1420 at a bottom channelportion 1451 upwards through surface 1440 to a top channel portion 1452.In some embodiments, base 1420 can extend outward toward the plant froma left side of back surface 1410 to a left front portion 1421 and from aright side of back surface 1410 to a right front portion 1422. In manyembodiments, base 1420 can recede back toward back surface 1410 in thecenter of base 1420 between left front portion 1421 and right frontportion 1422 to bottom channel portion 1451.

In a number of embodiments, foliage displacement mechanism 1400 caninclude attachment mechanisms 1430 and/or 1431. Attachment mechanisms1430 and 1431 can be configured to attach foliage displacement mechanism1400 to foliage displacement base 1281 (FIGS. 12-13) at attachmentportions 1383 (FIG. 13) and/or 1282 (FIGS. 12-13), respectively. Motor1276 can be configured to adjust the position of foliage displacementmechanism 1400 to move foliage displacement mechanism 1400 toward oraway from the plant. In many embodiments, as foliage displacementmechanism 1400 is moved toward the plant, foliage displacement mechanism1400 can be positioned such that the channel 1450 surrounds the centerof the plant. In a number of embodiments, foliage displacement mechanism1400 can be configured, when moved toward the plant, to move the foliageupward and toward the center of the plant. For example, the curves onsurface 1440 can be configured to lift the foliage upwards and towardsthe center of the plant, which can advantageously prevent damagingand/or tangling the foliage (such as the leaves, vines, and/or blossoms)of the plant.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 15 illustrates a right side view ofharvesting robot 100 and foliage displacement mechanism 1400 hoveringabove a plant 1510 and growing bed 1501, with foliage displacementmechanism 1400 in a retracted position. To assist with water run-off,growing bed 1501 can be slightly angled. In other examples, growing bedcan be flat. Plant 1510 can be a strawberry plant, as shown in FIG. 15.In other examples, plant 1510 can be a tomato plant, a pepper (e.g.,bell peppers, chili peppers, etc.) plant, an orange tree, or anothersuitable plant. As shown in FIG. 15, plant 1510 can have a center 1513(e.g., a crown of a strawberry plant), and foliage 1512, such as leaves,vines, and/or blossoms, that grow above growing bed 1501. Plant 1510 canhave crops 1511 that, when ripe, are located on growing bed 1501. Atleast some of crops 1511 can be covered by foliage 1512.

In many embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 15, harvesting robot 100 canbe mounted and/or supported such that central axis 311 of pickingapparatus 110 is parallel to growing bed 1501. In several embodiments,foliage displacement mechanism 1400 can be attached to carrier mechanism170 at attachment portion 1282 and/or attachment portion 1383 (FIG. 13)on 1281 with one or more attachment poles, such as attachment pole 1520.Carrier mechanism 170 can adjust foliage displacement mechanism 1400from a retracted position, as shown in FIG. 15, toward plant 1510 tomove foliage 1512 upward and toward center 1513 of plant 1510 to exposecrops 1511 to be detected by imaging sensor 1290 and/or imaging sensor1291 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or picked by harvesting robot 100. In manyembodiments, center 1513 can fit within channel 1450 (FIG. 14) whenfoliage displacement mechanism 1400 is moved toward plant 1510.

In several embodiments, mounting bearing 1274 can be centered aboveplant 1510. When mounting bearing 1274 is centered above plant 1510,mounting bearing 1274 can be configured to rotate harvesting robot 100,carrier assembly 170, carriage assembly 140, picking apparatus 110,and/or foliage displacement mechanism 1400 around plant 1510. When acrop, such as one of crops 1511, is located to be picked, (a) mountingbearing 1274 can rotate carrier assembly 170 such that the gripper(e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) in picking position 966 (FIGS. 9-11) isradially in a line extending from center 1513 of plant 1510 through thecrop (e.g., 1511) to be picked, (b) carrier assembly 170 can movecarriage assembly 140 radially inward toward plant 1510, and (c)carriage assembly 140 can lower carriage 650 (FIGS. 6, 8) to lowerpicking apparatus 110 to allow a gripper (e.g., 312-315 (FIG. 3)) toclose and pick the crop (e.g., 1511). In some embodiments, the motion ofharvesting robot 100 can beneficially conserve motion, and/or can do aminimum amount of movement, such as to harvest an average maximum numberof crops (e.g., 1511) from plant 1510 in one rotation. For example, insome embodiments, harvesting robot 100 can be configured to harvestthree crops from plant 1510. In other embodiments, harvesting robot 100can be configured to harvest fewer or additional crops from plant 1510.In a number of embodiments, the picked crops can be deposited in acollection device as harvesting robot 100 moves to another plant.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 16 illustrates a top, rear view offoliage displacement mechanism 1400 hovering above plant 1510 in anextended position. In many embodiments, when foliage displacementmechanism 1400 is extended toward plant 1510, moving foliage 1512 (FIG.15), imaging sensors 1290 and/or 1291 (FIGS. 12-13) can detect crops1511 on growing bed 1501, and processing unit 1273 (FIGS. 12-13) candetermine the crops to be harvested, such as based on ripeness. In manyembodiments, harvesting robot 100 (FIGS. 1-2, 13, 15) can rotate aroundplant 1510 with foliage displacement mechanism 1400 in the extendedposition, as shown in FIG. 16, in order for processing unit 1273 (FIGS.12-13) to determine which of the crops (e.g., 1511) are the best cropsto be picked.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplaryembodiment of computer system 1700, all of which or a portion of whichcan be suitable for implementing processing unit 1273 (FIGS. 12-13)and/or processing unit 2173 (FIG. 21, described below). As an example, adifferent or separate one of chassis 1702 (and all or a portion of itsinternal components) can be suitable for implementing processing unit1273 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or processing unit 2173 (FIG. 21). Furthermore,one or more elements of computer system 1700 (e.g., refreshing monitor1706, keyboard 1704, and/or mouse 1710, etc.) can also be appropriatefor implementing the techniques described herein. Computer system 1700comprises chassis 1702 containing one or more circuit boards (notshown), Universal Serial Bus (USB) port 1712, Compact Disc Read-OnlyMemory (CD-ROM) and/or Digital Video Disc (DVD) drive 1716, and harddrive 1714. A representative block diagram of the elements included onthe circuit boards inside chassis 1702 is shown in FIG. 18. Centralprocessing unit (CPU) 1810 in FIG. 18 is coupled to system bus 1814 inFIG. 18. In various embodiments, the architecture of CPU 1810 can becompliant with any of a variety of commercially distributed architecturefamilies.

Continuing with FIG. 18, system bus 1814 also is coupled to memorystorage unit 1808, where memory storage unit 1808 comprises both readonly memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). Non-volatile portionsof memory storage unit 1808 or the ROM can be encoded with a boot codesequence suitable for restoring computer system 1700 (FIG. 17) to afunctional state after a system reset. In addition, memory storage unit1808 can comprise microcode such as a Basic Input-Output System (BIOS).In some examples, the one or more memory storage units of the variousembodiments disclosed herein can comprise memory storage unit 1808, aUSB-equipped electronic device, such as, an external memory storage unit(not shown) coupled to universal serial bus (USB) port 1712 (FIGS.17-18), hard drive 1714 (FIGS. 17-18), and/or CD-ROM or DVD drive 1716(FIGS. 17-18). In the same or different examples, the one or more memorystorage units of the various embodiments disclosed herein can comprisean operating system, which can be a software program that manages thehardware and software resources of a computer and/or a computer network.The operating system can perform basic tasks such as, for example,controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing the processing ofinstructions, controlling input and output devices, facilitatingnetworking, and managing files. Some examples of common operatingsystems can comprise Microsoft® Windows® operating system (OS), Mac® OS,UNIX® OS, and Linux® OS.

As used herein, “processor” and/or “processing module” means any type ofcomputational circuit, such as but not limited to a microprocessor, amicrocontroller, a controller, a complex instruction set computing(CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC)microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, agraphics processor, a digital signal processor, or any other type ofprocessor or processing circuit capable of performing the desiredfunctions. In some examples, the one or more processors of the variousembodiments disclosed herein can comprise CPU 1810.

In the depicted embodiment of FIG. 18, various I/O devices such as diskcontroller 1804, graphics adapter 1824, video controller 1802, keyboardadapter 1826, mouse adapter 1806, network adapter 1820, and other I/Odevices 1822 can be coupled to system bus 1814. Keyboard adapter 1826and mouse adapter 1806 are coupled to keyboard 1704 (FIGS. 17-18) andmouse 1710 (FIGS. 17-18), respectively, of computer system 1700 (FIG.17). While graphics adapter 1824 and video controller 1802 are indicatedas distinct units in FIG. 18, video controller 1802 can be integratedinto graphics adapter 1824, or vice versa in other embodiments. Videocontroller 1802 is suitable for refreshing monitor 1706 (FIGS. 17-18) todisplay images on a screen 1708 (FIG. 17) of computer system 1700 (FIG.17). Disk controller 1804 can control hard drive 1714 (FIGS. 17-18), USBport 1712 (FIGS. 17-18), and CD-ROM drive 1716 (FIGS. 17-18). In otherembodiments, distinct units can be used to control each of these devicesseparately.

In some embodiments, network adapter 1820 can comprise and/or beimplemented as a WNIC (wireless network interface controller) card (notshown) plugged or coupled to an expansion port (not shown) in computersystem 1700 (FIG. 17). In other embodiments, the WNIC card can be awireless network card built into computer system 1700 (FIG. 17). Awireless network adapter can be built into computer system 1700 byhaving wireless communication capabilities integrated into themotherboard chipset (not shown), or implemented via one or morededicated wireless communication chips (not shown), connected through aPCI (peripheral component interconnector) or a PCI express bus ofcomputer system 1700 (FIG. 17) or USB port 1712 (FIG. 17). In otherembodiments, network adapter 1820 can comprise and/or be implemented asa wired network interface controller card (not shown).

Although many other components of computer system 1700 (FIG. 17) are notshown, such components and their interconnection are well known to thoseof ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, further details concerningthe construction and composition of computer system 1700 and the circuitboards inside chassis 1702 (FIG. 17) are not discussed herein.

When computer system 1700 in FIG. 17 is running, program instructionsstored on a USB-equipped electronic device connected to USB port 1712,on a CD-ROM or DVD in CD-ROM and/or DVD drive 1716, on hard drive 1714,or in memory storage unit 1808 (FIG. 18) are executed by CPU 1810 (FIG.18). A portion of the program instructions, stored on these devices, canbe suitable for carrying out at least part of the techniques describedabove.

Although computer system 1700 is illustrated as a desktop computer inFIG. 17, there can be examples where computer system 1700 may take adifferent form factor while still having functional elements similar tothose described for computer system 1700. In some embodiments, computersystem 1700 may comprise a single computer, a single server, or acluster or collection of computers or servers, or a cloud of computersor servers. Typically, a cluster or collection of servers can be usedwhen the demand on computer system 1700 exceeds the reasonablecapability of a single server or computer. In certain embodiments,computer system 1700 may comprise a portable computer, such as a laptopcomputer. In certain other embodiments, computer system 1700 maycomprise a mobile device, such as a smart phone. In certain additionalembodiments, computer system 1700 may comprise an embedded system.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 19 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 1900 of providing a device for selectively harvesting crops on aplant in accordance with the present disclosure. Method 1900 is merelyexemplary and is not limited to the embodiments presented herein. Method1900 can be employed in many different embodiments or examples notspecifically depicted or described herein. In some embodiments, theprocedures, the processes, and/or the activities of method 1900 can beperformed in the order presented. In other embodiments, the procedures,the processes, and/or the activities of method 1900 can be performed inany suitable order. In still other embodiments, one or more of theprocedures, the processes, and/or the activities of method 1900 can becombined or skipped. In some embodiments, the plant can be a strawberryplant and each of the crops can be a strawberry. The plant can besimilar or identical to plant 1510 (FIG. 15). Each of the crops can besimilar or identical to strawberry 535 (FIG. 5). In other embodiments,the plant can be another suitable plant.

Referring to FIG. 19, method 1900 can include a block 1901 of providinga picking apparatus. In many embodiments, the picking apparatus can besimilar or identical to picking apparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3). In a numberof embodiments, the picking apparatus can be rotatable around a centralaxis. The central axis can be similar or identical to central axis 311(FIG. 3). In various embodiments, the central axis can be parallel to agrowing bed of the plant. The growing bed can be similar or identical togrowing bed 1501 (FIG. 15). In several embodiments, the pickingapparatus can include a plurality of grippers each spaced apart andextending radially from the central axis, and each configured to pick adifferent individual one of the crops. The individual crop can besimilar or identical to crop 535, or another suitable crop. The gripperscan be similar or identical to grippers 312-315 (FIG. 3). In someembodiments, the plurality of grippers can include four grippers. Forexample, the picking apparatus can include, four, fix, six, seven,eight, or more grippers. In other embodiments, the plurality of gripperscan include fewer than four grippers.

In a number of embodiments, each of the plurality of grippers can beadjustable between an open position and a closed position. The openposition can be similar or identical to the open position shown in FIG.4. The close position can be similar or identical to the closed positionshown in FIG. 5. In various embodiments, each of the plurality ofgrippers can be configured in the open position to open around theindividual crop. In several embodiments, each of the plurality ofgrippers can be configured in the closed position to securely hold theindividual crop when the picking apparatus is rotated around the centralaxis.

In some embodiments, each of the plurality of grippers can be configuredto securely hold the individual crop in the closed position acrossdifferent sizes of the individual crop. In many embodiments, each of theplurality of grippers can include a first claw piece and a second clawpiece. The first claw piece can be similar or identical to first clawpiece 410 (FIGS. 4-5). The second claw piece can be similar or identicalto second claw piece 420 (FIGS. 4-5). In many embodiments, the firstclaw piece and/or the second claw piece can each include a metal frameat least partially covered with silicone rubber.

In a number of embodiments, for each of the plurality of grippers, thefirst claw piece can include a first wedged-shaped tip and/or the secondclaw piece can include a second wedge-shaped tip. The first wedge-shapedtip can be similar or identical to first tip 413 (FIGS. 4-5), and/or thesecond wedge-shaped tip can be similar or identical to second tip 423(FIGS. 4-5). In a number of embodiments, when each of the plurality ofgrippers is in the open position (such as shown in FIG. 4), the firstwedged-shaped tip, and the second wedge-shaped tip are adjustable to fitaround the individual crop and to separate the individual crop from oneor more proximate crops.

In various embodiments, each of the plurality of grippers can furtherinclude a first flexible strip attached to the first claw piece and/or asecond flexible strip attached to the second claw piece. The firstflexible strip can be similar or identical to first strip 414 (FIGS.4-5), and/or the second flexible strip can be similar or identical tosecond strip 424 (FIGS. 4-5). In several embodiments, when the gripperis adjusted to the closed position around the individual crop, the firstflexible strip and the second flexible strip can be configured to bendto allow for different sizes of the individual crop.

Method 1900 next can include a block 1902 of providing a carriageassembly. In a number of embodiments, the carriage assembly can besimilar or identical to carriage assembly 140 (FIGS. 1-2, 6-8). In someembodiments, the carriage assembly can include a first rotationalmechanism. In many embodiments, the first rotational mechanism can besimilar or identical to rotational shaft 655 (FIGS. 6-7), motor 654(FIGS. 6-8), gear 854 (FIG. 8), and/or gear 855 (FIG. 8). In severalembodiments, the picking apparatus can be configured to be coupled tothe first rotational mechanism. In some embodiments, the firstrotational mechanism can be configured to rotate the picking apparatusaround the central axis in a rotational path with respect to thecarriage assembly.

In some embodiments, the carriage assembly can further include a firstcam surrounding the first rotational mechanism. The first cam can besimilar or identical to stationary cam 669 (FIGS. 6, 8-11). In a numberof embodiments, the carriage assembly can further include an actuator.The actuator can be similar or identical to actuator 661 (FIGS. 6-11),motor 653 (FIGS. 6-8), and/or actuation cam 660 (FIGS. 6-7, 9-11). Insome embodiments, the first cam can be configured to hold the pluralityof grippers in the closed position for a first portion of the rotationalpath and to allow the plurality of grippers to open to the open positionfor a second portion of the rotational path from a release position to apicking position. The first portion of the rotational path can besimilar or identical to first portion 964 (FIGS. 9-11), and/or thesecond portion of the rotational path can be similar or identical tosecond portion 965 (FIGS. 9-11). The release position can be similar oridentical to release position 967 (FIGS. 9-11), and/or the pickingposition can be similar or identical to picking position 966 (FIGS.9-11). In a number of embodiments, the first cam can be configured tostop rotation of the picking apparatus when each of the plurality ofgrippers is rotated to the picking position on the second portion of therotational path. In various embodiments, the actuator can be configuredto adjust an opening width of a picking gripper of the plurality ofgrippers at the picking position to isolate the individual crop and toclose the gripper to securely hold the individual crop. The pickinggripper can be similar or identical to gripper 312 at picking position966 as shown in FIGS. 10-11. The first cam can be configured such that,as each of the plurality of grippers rotates to the release position ofthe rotational path, each of the plurality of grippers can be configuredto open to the open position and release the individual crop in acollection device.

Method 1900 next can optionally include a block 1903 of providing acarrier assembly. The carrier assembly can be similar or identical tocarrier assembly 170 (FIGS. 1-2, 12-13). In some embodiments, thecarrier assembly can include a second rotational mechanism. The secondrotational mechanism can be similar or identical to mounting bearing1274 (FIGS. 12-13). In various embodiments, the second rotationalmechanism can be configured to rotate the carrier assembly around thesecond rotational mechanism such that the picking apparatus can berotated around the plant when the second rotational mechanism iscentered above the plant.

Method 1900 next can include a block 1904 of providing one or moreimaging sensors. In a number of embodiments, the one or more imagingsensors can be similar or identical to imaging sensor 1290 (FIGS. 12-13)and/or imaging sensor 1291 (FIGS. 12-13).

Method 1900 next can include a block 1905 of providing a processingunit. The processing unit can be similar or identical to processing unit1273 (FIGS. 12-13). In a number of embodiments, the processing unit canbe configured to receive information from the one or more imagingsensors to determine the location of the crops to be harvested.

Method 1900 next can optionally include a block 1906 of providing afoliage displacement mechanism. In many embodiments, the foliagedisplacement mechanism can be similar or identical to foliagedisplacement mechanism 1400 (FIGS. 14-16). In several embodiments, thefoliage displacement mechanism can be configured to move foliage of theplant and expose at least a portion of the crops to the one or moreimaging sensors. The foliage can be similar or identical to foliage 1512(FIG. 15). In some embodiments, the foliage displacement mechanism caninclude a back surface. The back surface can be similar or identical toback surface 1410 (FIG. 14). In many embodiments, the back surface canbe configured to extend normal to a growing bed of the plant. In variousembodiments, the foliage displacement mechanism can include a base. Thebase can be similar or identical to base 1420 (FIG. 14). In severalembodiments, the base can be configured to extend parallel to thegrowing bed from the back surface toward the plant. In some embodiments,the foliage displacement mechanism can include a curved surface. Thecurved surface can be similar or identical to surface 1440 (FIG. 14). Ina number of embodiments, the curved surface can extend from the baseupward to the back surface. In many embodiments, the foliagedisplacement mechanism can include a channel. The channel can be similaror identical to channel 1450 (FIG. 14). In some embodiments, the channelcan bisect a front portion of the base and extend upward through thecurved surface. In several embodiments, the channel can be configured tosurround a center of the plant when the foliage displacement mechanismis moved toward the plant. The center of the plant can be similar oridentical to center 1513. In some embodiments, the foliage displacementmechanism can be configured, when moved toward the plant, to move thefoliage upward and toward the center of the plant.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 20 illustrates a top, back, leftside perspective view of a harvesting robot 2000 hovering above plant1510 and growing bed 1501. FIG. 21 illustrates a bottom, front, rightside perspective view of harvesting robot 2000. Harvesting robot 2000 ismerely exemplary, and embodiments of the harvesting robot are notlimited to embodiments presented herein. The harvesting robot can beemployed in many different embodiments or examples not specificallydepicted or described herein. Harvesting robot 2000 can be similar toharvesting robot 100 (FIGS. 1-2, 13, 15), and various components ofharvesting robot 2000 can be similar or identical to various componentsof harvesting robot 100 (FIGS. 1-2, 13, 15).

In many embodiments, harvesting robot 2000 can include a pickingapparatus 2010, a carriage assembly 2040, and/or a carrier assembly2070. Picking apparatus 2010 can be similar to picking apparatus 110(FIGS. 1-3, 10-11, 13, 15), and various components of picking apparatus2010 can be similar or identical to various components of pickingapparatus 110 (FIGS. 1-3, 10-11, 13, 15). Carriage assembly 2040 can besimilar to carriage assembly 140 (FIGS. 1-2, 6-8, 13, 15), and variouscomponents of carriage assembly 2040 can be similar or identical tovarious components of carriage assembly 140 (FIGS. 1-2, 6-8, 13, 15).Carrier assembly 2070 can be similar to carrier assembly 170 (FIGS. 1-2,12-13, 15), and various components of carrier assembly 2070 can besimilar or identical to various components of carrier assembly 170(FIGS. 1-2, 12-13, 15). In several embodiments, harvesting robot 2000can be configured to harvest crops from plants. In some embodiments,harvesting robot 2000 can be used to harvest crops such as strawberriesfrom strawberry plants. In the same or other embodiments, harvestingrobot 2000 can be used to harvest crops such as tomatoes, peppers (e.g.,bell peppers, chili peppers, etc.), oranges, and/or other suitablecrops. In a number of embodiments, harvesting robot 2000 can beconfigured to selectively pick crops (e.g., ripe crops) from plants, andleave other crops (e.g., unripe crops) on the plants. For example,harvesting robot can be used to pick crops 1511 (FIG. 20), when ripe,from plant 1510 (FIG. 20). In several embodiments, harvesting robot 2000can pick crops and offload picked crops simultaneously. In otherembodiments, harvesting robot 2000 can be used for picking otherindividual items that are not crops. For example, in some embodiments,harvesting robot 2000 can be used for picking and/or offloading recycleditems in a recycling plant.

In several embodiments, picking apparatus 2010 can be rotatable around acentral axis, which can be similar or identical to central axis 311(FIG. 3). In many embodiments, picking apparatus 2010 can includegrippers, such as grippers 2011-2014 (FIGS. 20-21), gripper 2015 (FIG.20), and gripper 2116 (FIG. 21), which can be similar or identical togrippers 312-315 (FIG. 3). In various embodiments, each of the gripperscan be used to pick a different individual one of the crops. In theembodiment of picking apparatus 2010 shown in FIGS. 20-21 and FIGS.22-27 (described below), picking apparatus 2010 includes six grippers.In other embodiments, the number of grippers on picking apparatus 110can be two, three, four, five, seven, eight, nine, ten, or anothersuitable number of grippers. In a number of embodiments, the gripperscan be spaced apart and/or can extend radially from the central axis.

In many embodiments, carriage assembly 2040 can include a carriagesupport assembly 2041 and a carriage 2045. Carriage support assembly2041 can be similar or identical to carriage support assembly 640 (FIGS.6, 8), and various components of carriage support assembly 2041 can besimilar or identical to carriage support assembly 640 (FIGS. 6, 8).Carriage 2045 can be similar or identical to carriage 650 (FIGS. 6, 8),and various components of carriage 2045 can be similar or identical tocarriage 650 (FIGS. 6, 8). In several embodiments, carriage 2045 caninclude a rotational shaft 2146 (FIG. 21), which can be configured tocouple to picking apparatus 2010, and which can be driven by a motor incarriage 2045 (which can be similar or identical to motor 654 (FIGS.6-8) to rotate picking apparatus 2010. In many embodiments, carriagesupport assembly 2041 can control a vertical position of carriage 2045,similarly as shown in carriage assembly 140 (FIGS. 1-2, 6-8, 13, 15) anddescribed above, which can raise and/or lower picking apparatus 2010.For example, carriage 2045 and picking apparatus 2010 can be adjusted ina lowered position, as shown in FIG. 20. Similarly, carriage 2045 andpicking apparatus 2010 can be adjusted to a raised position, as shown inFIG. 21.

In many embodiments, carriage support assembly 2041 can include a bottombase 2042. Bottom base 2042 can be similar or identical to bottom base642 (FIGS. 6-8). In several embodiments, carriage support assembly 2041can include a stem separation bar 2043, which can be attached to bottombase 2042. In a number of embodiments, stem separation bar 2043 can beconfigured to provide tension on a stem of an individual crop, such asone of crops 1511 (FIG. 20), when a gripper (e.g., gripper 2012) picksthe crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) from plant 1510 (FIG. 20). For example,in many embodiments, a crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) can be separated froma stem (e.g., stem 2019 (FIG. 20)) of the crop that holds the crop(e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) to the plant (e.g., plant 1510 (FIG. 20)) byholding a portion of the stem down with stem separation bar 2043 whilepulling upward on the crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)), which can provide asubstantially perpendicular tension force to the stem (e.g., stem 2019(FIG. 20)) of the crop from the attachment of the stem (e.g., stem 2019(FIG. 20)) on the crop. In a number of embodiments, the crop can beraised upward by the gripper (e.g., gripper 2012) after it is picked,and the stem (e.g., stem 2019 (FIG. 20)) can extend downward to stemseparation bar 2043, which can apply tension and result in the efficientseparation of the stem (e.g., stem 2019 (FIG. 20)) from the crop (e.g.,1511 (FIG. 20)). In many embodiments, the gripper (e.g., 2012) pickingthe crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) can be lowered through stem separationbar 2043, as shown in FIG. 20. Stem separation bar 2043 can bestationary with respect to carriage support assembly 2041, and canremain in place when carriage 2045, picking apparatus 2010, and thegrippers (e.g., gripper 2012) are lowered to pick the crop (e.g., 1511(FIG. 20)), as shown in FIG. 20. After the gripper (e.g., 2012) closesaround a crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)), carriage 2045, picking apparatus2010, and the grippers (e.g., gripper 2012) can be raised, as shown inFIG. 21. Because stem separation bar 2043 remains stationary when thegripper (e.g., 2012) is raised, stem separation bar 2043 tension canapply tension to the stem (e.g., stem 2019 (FIG. 20)) and snap the stem(e.g., stem 2019 (FIG. 20)) from the berry. In many embodiments, stemseparation bar 2043 and/or bottom base 2042 can encircle the stem (e.g.,stem 2019 (FIG. 20)) of the crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) that is picked,such that stem separation bar 2043 will apply tension to the stem (e.g.,stem 2019 (FIG. 20)) as the crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) is raised and/orrotated in the gripper (e.g., 2012).

In many embodiments, carrier assembly 2070 can include a mountingbearing 2074 (FIG. 20). Mounting bearing 2074 (FIG. 20) can be similaror identical to mounting bearing 1274 (FIG. 12). In many embodiments,similarly as described above in connection with FIG. 12, carrierassembly 2070 and/or harvesting robot 2000 can be mounted above plant1510 (FIG. 20) to be harvested at mounting bearing 2074, and mountingbearing can provide for rotation of harvesting robot 2000 with respectto plant 1510 (FIG. 20). Similarly as described above in connection withFIG. 12, in many embodiments, carrier assembly 2070 can include a motor(not shown), which can rotate mounting bearing 2074, and or a motor (notshown), which can rotate an adjustment shaft 2078 of carrier assembly2070, which can adjust the position of a carriage attachment base (notshown) and/or carriage assembly 2040 with respect to mounting bearing2074, which can adjust the distance of picking apparatus 2010 from thecenter of plant 1510 (FIG. 20).

In some embodiments, carrier assembly 2070 can include one or moreimaging sensors, such as imaging sensors 2190 and/or 2191. Imagingsensors 2190 and/or 2191 can be cameras configured to detect opticalimage information. In several embodiments, carrier assembly 2070 caninclude one or more illumination sources, such as lights 2192 and/or2193. In a number of embodiments, carrier assembly 2070 can include anelectronics unit 2071. Electronics unit 2071 can be similar toelectronics unit 1271 (FIG. 12), and various components of electronicsunit 2071 can be similar or identical to various components ofelectronics unit 1271 (FIG. 12). In many embodiments, electronics unit2071 can include a control unit 2072 and/or a processing unit 2173 (FIG.21). Control unit 2072 can be similar or identical to control unit 1272(FIG. 12), and processing unit 2173 can be similar or identical toprocessing unit 1273 (FIG. 12). For example, control unit 2072 can be asuitable programmable logic controller (PLC), which can control motorsin harvesting robot 2000. In several embodiments, processing unit 2173can be similar to an embodiment of computer system 1700 (FIG. 17), whichcan include one or more processors configured to receive informationfrom imaging sensors 2190 and/or 2191 to determine the location of thecrops to be harvested. For example, processing unit can be configured todetermine that certain crops are ripe and ready to be harvested, andother crops are not yet ripe or are damaged, and should not beharvested.

In several embodiments, carriage assembly 2040 and/or carrier assembly2070 can include a collection apparatus 2001. In many embodiments, aftera gripper (e.g., gripper 2012) has picking a crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20))from a picking position, the gripper (e.g., gripper 2012) can be rotatedwhile holding the crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20), which can allow anothergripper to pick another crop. In many embodiments, once the gripper(e.g., gripper 2012) has been rotated to an offload position, where thecrop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) can be offloaded from the gripper (e.g.,gripper 2012) into collection apparatus 2001. In many embodiments,collection apparatus 2001 can hold crops that have been offloaded fromthe grippers (e.g., gripper 2012). In many embodiments, collectionapparatus 2001 can include a gate 2002 (FIG. 20), which can open toallow collection apparatus 2001 to be emptied, such as when collectionapparatus is full or when harvesting robot 2000 is positioned such thatcollection apparatus can empty into a suitable collection container orcollection conveyer, such as when harvesting robot 2000 has finishedrotating around plant 1510 (FIG. 20) and returned to its startingposition. In many embodiments, gate 2002 (FIG. 20) can be opened usingan actuator 2003.

In several embodiments, carriage assembly 2040 and/or carrier assembly2070 can include a crop ejector 2004 (FIG. 20), which can facilitatemoving a crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) from a gripper (e.g., 2012) in theoffload position to collection apparatus 2001. In many embodiments, cropejector 2004 can include an ejection plate 2005 (FIG. 20) and anactuator 2006 (FIG. 20). In a number of embodiments, ejection plate 2005can prevent the crop (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 20)) from falling out of thegripper (e.g., 2012) when the gripper opens to offload the crop (e.g.,1511 (FIG. 20)). In several embodiments, ejection plate 2005 can pushthe crop out of the gripper (e.g., 2012) toward collection plate 2001when the gripper (e.g., 2012) is in the open position. In manyembodiments, actuator 2006 can move ejection plate 2005.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 22 illustrates a right side view ofcarriage assembly 2040, picking apparatus 2010, collection apparatus2001, and crop ejector 2004, in which picking apparatus 2010 is in alowered position and gripper 2012 in a picking position is in an openposition. FIG. 23 illustrates a rear side view of carriage assembly2040, picking apparatus 2010, collection apparatus 2001, and cropejector 2004, in which the picking apparatus 2010 is in the loweredposition and gripper 2012 in the picking position is in the openposition. FIG. 24 illustrates a right side view of carriage assembly2040, picking apparatus 2010, collection apparatus 2001, and cropejector 2004, in which picking apparatus 2010 is in a raised positionand gripper 2015 in the offload position is in a closed position. FIG.25 illustrates a rear side view of carriage assembly 2040, pickingapparatus 2010, collection apparatus 2001, and crop ejector 2004, inwhich picking apparatus 2010 is in the raised position and gripper 2015in the offload position is in the closed position. FIG. 26 illustrates aright side view of carriage assembly 2040, picking apparatus 2010,collection apparatus 2001, and crop ejector 2004, in which pickingapparatus 2010 is in the raised position and gripper 2015 in the offloadposition is in the open position. FIG. 27 illustrates a rear side viewof carriage assembly 2040, picking apparatus 2010, collection apparatus2001, and crop ejector 2004, in which picking apparatus 2010 is in theraised position and gripper 2015 in the offload position is in the openposition.

In many embodiments, the grippers (e.g., 2011-2015, 2116) of pickingapparatus 2010 can be spring biased in a closed configuration. Forexample, gripper 312 shown in FIG. 4, can be modified such thatcompression spring 432 (FIG. 4) can be situated on the other side of pin431 to bias displacement block 430 outward along spoke 317 to adjustgripper 312 to the closed position, such as the closed position ofgripper 312 in FIG. 5. In yet another embodiment, compression spring 432can be situated in the same position shown in FIG. 4, but can bereplaced with an extension spring, which can similarly bias displacementblock 430 outward along spoke 317 to adjust gripper 312 to the closedposition. In many embodiments, each of the grippers (e.g., 2011-2015,2116) of picking apparatus 2010 can include a claw cushion, such as clawcushion 2317 shown on gripper 2012 in FIG. 23, or claw cushion 2718shown on gripper 2015 in FIG. 27. In many embodiments, the claw cushion(e.g., 2317 (FIG. 23), 2718 (FIG. 27)) can provide a surface on theinside of the gripper (e.g., 2011-2015, 2116) to prevent a picked cropin the gripper (e.g., 2011-2015, 2116) from being displaced from betweenthe claw pieces (e.g., 410, 420 (FIG. 4)) and falling into a hingeregion proximate to the hinges (e.g., 419, 429 (FIG. 4)). For example,when gripper 2015 opens in the offload position in FIG. 27, crop cushion2718 can prevent a crop within gripper 2015 from falling into the hingesof gripper 2015.

In many embodiments, picking apparatus 2010 can move the grippers (e.g.,2011-2015, 2116) in a rotational path centered with respect to thecentral axis of picking apparatus 2010. In several embodiments, apicking position can be located at the bottom of the rotational path,such as the position of gripper 2012 shown in FIGS. 22-27. In otherembodiments, the picking position can be located at a different locationof the rotational path, such as a side of the rotational path, or a topof the rotational path. In many embodiments, each of the grippers (e.g.,2011-2015, 2116) can be configured to be opened to an open position,such as the open position of gripper 312 in FIG. 4, when the gripper(e.g., 2012) is located at the picking position, as shown in FIGS.22-23. In many embodiments, the gripper (e.g., 2012) located at thepicking position can be opened to the open position to pick a crop.

In several embodiments, the gripper (e.g., 2012) located at the pickingposition can be opened to the open position before or while pickingapparatus 2010 and the gripper (e.g., 2012) in the picking position islowered to pick the crop. In many embodiments, the gripper (e.g., 2012)in the picking position can be opened using an actuator, such asactuator 2210. In many embodiments, actuator 2210 can be configured toengage with a pin of the gripper, such as pin 431 in FIG. 4 ordisplacement pin 1032 in FIG. 10, described above, and move the pin toadjust the position of the claw pieces (e.g., 410, 420 (FIG. 4)) of thegripper (e.g., 2012) and adjust the gripper (e.g., 2012) to the openposition. In many embodiments, actuator 2210 can pull the pin inwardalong the spoke (e.g., pulling pin 413 inward along spoke 317 in FIG. 4)to open the gripper (e.g., 2012). In many embodiments, actuator 2210 canbe configured to adjust the position of the claw pieces (e.g., 410, 420in FIG. 4) in order to fit around the individual crop to be picked, assuch described above in connection with actuator 661 in FIG. 10.

In a number of embodiments, before picking apparatus 2010 and thegripper (e.g., 2012) in the picking position is lowered to pick thecrop, and after picking apparatus 2010 and the gripper (e.g., 2012) inthe picking position is raised (e.g., with the crop in the gripper(e.g., 2012)), picking apparatus 2010 and the gripper (e.g., 2012) inthe picking position can be positioned in the raised position, as shownin FIGS. 24-25. In many embodiments, when picking apparatus 2010 is inthe raised position, each of the grippers (e.g., 2011-2015, 2116) can bein the closed position, which can allow picking apparatus 2010 to berotated with one or more crops in one or more of the grippers (e.g.,2011-2015, 2116).

In many embodiments, when picking apparatus 2010 is in the raisedposition, one of the grippers (e.g., gripper 2015) can be opened to theopen position to offload a crop from the gripper (e.g., 2015), such asshown in FIGS. 26-27. In a number of embodiments, an offload positioncan be located at the top of the rotational path, such as the positionof gripper 2015 shown in FIGS. 22-27. In other embodiments, the offloadposition can be located at a different location of the rotational path,such as a side of the rotational path, or a bottom of the rotationalpath. In many embodiments, each of the grippers (e.g., 2011-2015, 2116)can be configured to be opened to an open position, such as the openposition of gripper 312 in FIG. 4, when the gripper (e.g., 2015) islocated at the offload position, as shown in FIGS. 26-27. In manyembodiments, the gripper (e.g., 2015) located at the offload position beopened to the open position to offload a crop from the gripper (e.g.,2015).

In many embodiments, the gripper (e.g., 2015) in the offload positioncan be opened using an actuator, such as actuator 2220. In manyembodiments, actuator 2220 can be configured to engage with a pin of thegripper, such as pin 431 in FIG. 4 or displacement pin 1032 in FIG. 10,described above, and move the pin to adjust the position of the clawpieces (e.g., 410, 420 (FIG. 4)) of the gripper (e.g., 2015) and adjustthe gripper (e.g., 2015) to the open position. In many embodiments,actuator 2220 can pull the pin inward along the spoke (e.g., pulling pin413 inward along spoke 317 in FIG. 4) to open the gripper (e.g., 2015).

In a number of embodiments, once the gripper (e.g., 2015) in the offloadposition is open, crop ejector 2004 can eject the crop in the openedgripper (e.g., 2015) in the offload position into collection apparatus2001. For example, actuator 2006 can move ejection plate 2005 towardcollection plate 2001, as shown in FIG. 26. In many embodiments,ejection plate 2005 can be configured to fit between the claw pieces(e.g., 410, 420 (FIG. 4)) of the gripper (e.g., 2015) in the offloadposition when the gripper (e.g., 2015) is in the open position.

In several embodiments, each of the grippers (e.g., 2011-2015, 2116) canpick a different individual crop, and picking apparatus 2010 can beconfigured to offload (e.g., continuously offload) the crops whilepicking apparatus 2010 is picking the crops in the individual grippers(e.g., 2011-2015, 2116). For example, crops can be offloaded during atime in which crops are being picked. In some embodiments, a gripper(e.g., 2011-2015, 2116) can pick a first crop at a first time. Later, agripper different from the gripper that picked the first crop can pick asecond crop, after which a gripper different from the gripper thatpicked the second crop can pick a third crop. During the time betweenthe second crop and the third crop being picked, the first crop can beoffloaded from the gripper that picked the first crop. In someembodiments, the gripper that picked the first crop can pick the thirdcrop. In other embodiments, the gripper that picks the third crop can bedifferent than the gripper that picked the first crop. In manyembodiments, the second crops can be held in the gripper that picked thesecond crop when the first crop is offloaded from the gripper thatpicked the second crop. In a number of embodiments, the second crop andthe third crop can be held the grippers that picked them respectivelywhen the third crop has been picked.

In many embodiments, using picking apparatus 2010, as shown in FIGS.20-27, gripper 2012 in the picking position can pick a crop and gripper2015 in the offload position can offload a crop from gripper 2015.Picking apparatus 2010 can rotate such that gripper 2013 (of if rotatedthe other rotational direction, gripper 2011) can pick a crop whilegripper 2012 holds the crop until it is rotated to the offload position.Picking apparatus 2010, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 20-27, can holdup to four individual crops at a time when gripper 2012 has just pickeda crop and gripper 2015 has not offloaded the crop, as gripper 2013 andgripper 2014 can also be holding crops. Gripper 2116 and gripper 2011can be empty. In other embodiments, a crop in the gripper (e.g., 2015)in the offload position can be offloaded before the gripper (e.g., 2012)in the picking position is used to pick a crop, in which case pickingapparatus can hold up to three crops. In several embodiments, a seriesof picks and offloads can be interleaved, with a pick followed by anoffload, followed by a pick, followed by an offload, etc. In severalembodiments, during this entire series of picks and offloads, pickingapparatus can be holding at least one crop. In other embodiments,picking apparatus can be holding at least two crop, three crops, fourcrops, or another suitable number of crops each in individual grippers.In still other embodiments, a crop in the gripper (e.g., 2015) in theoffload position can be offloaded simultaneously with the gripper (e.g.,2012) in the picking position picking a crop. In such embodiments, thegripper can be considered to have offloaded the first crop during thetime period between the second crop and the third crop being picked, asdescribed above. In yet other embodiments, picking apparatus 2010 caninclude a different number of grippers, as described above. For example,picking apparatus can include two grippers, and a pick in one of the twogrippers can be followed by an offload in the other gripper, after whichthe other gripper can pick another individual crop.

In many embodiments, the continuous offload of crops from the grippers(e.g., 2011-2015, 2116) of picking apparatus 2010 can beneficially allowharvesting robot 2000 to pick many crops while rotating around a plant.For example, if a plant has seven ripe crops that are ready to bepicked, harvesting robot 2000 can circle the plant, and pick the sevenplants while simultaneously offload at least some of the crops whilecircling the plant and picking the seven crops. The offloaded crops canadvantageously be collected in collection apparatus 2001.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 28 illustrates a perspective view ofa leaf displacement system 2800 hovering over plant 1501 in an openconfiguration. FIG. 29 illustrates a perspective view of leafdisplacement system 2800 hovering over plant 1501 and beginning totransition from the open configuration to a closed configuration. FIG.30 illustrates a perspective view of leaf displacement system 2800hovering over plant 1501 and further transitioning from the openconfiguration to the closed configuration. FIG. 31 illustrates aperspective view of leaf displacement system 2800 hovering over plant1501 in the closed configuration. Leaf displacement system 2800 ismerely exemplary, and embodiments of the harvesting robot are notlimited to embodiments presented herein. The leaf displacement systemcan be employed in many different embodiments or examples notspecifically depicted or described herein. Leaf displacement system 2800can be similar to foliage displacement mechanism 1400 (FIG. 14), andleaf displacement system can be configured to move foliage of a plant,such as foliage 1512 of plant 1510, to expose at least a portion of thecrops under the foliage, which can allow imaging sensors 1290-1291(FIGS. 12-13) and/or images sensors 2190-2191 (FIG. 21) to detect thecrops and/or allow the grippers (e.g., 312-315 (FIGS. 3, 10-11),2011-2015 (FIGS. 20-21), 2116 (FIG. 21)) to pick the crops, such ascrops 1511.

In a number of embodiments, leaf displacement system 2800 can include asupport structure 2810, a first assembly 2850, and/or a second assembly2870. In many embodiments, first assembly 2850 and second assembly 2870can each be movably coupled to support structure 2810, as shown in FIGS.28-31. In other embodiments, one of first assembly 2850 and secondassembly 2870 can be movably coupled to support structure 2810 and theother one of first assembly 2850 and second assembly 2870 can be fixedlycoupled to support structure 2810. For example, leaf displacement system2800 can include a first assembly rail 2815 to movably couple firstassembly 2850 to support structure 2810 and allow first assembly 2850 toextend from and/or retract to support structure 2810. Leaf displacementsystem 2800 can include a second assembly rail 2817 to movably couplesecond assembly 2870 to support structure 2810 and allow second assembly2870 to extend from and/or retract to support structure 2810. In severalembodiments, support structure 2810 can include one or more motors (notshown) to drive the extension/retraction of first assembly 2850 alongsecond assembly rail 2815 and/or the extension/retraction of secondassembly 2870 along second assembly rail 2817.

In some embodiments, leaf displacement system 2800 can include two ormore surfaces, which can be movable with respect to each other, and canpush and/or hold foliage 1512 toward center 1513 of plant 1510. In someembodiments, for example, each of the two or more surfaces can be curvedor flat surfaces, which can push foliage 1512 toward center 1513. Asshown in FIG. 28, second assembly 2870 can include a second assemblybase surface 2871, a second assembly first wing surface 2872, and asecond assembly second wing surface 2873.

In many embodiments, second assembly base surface 2871 can be fixedlycoupled to second assembly rail 2817, and second assembly first wingsurface 2872 and second assembly second wing surface 2873 can eachrotate with respect to second assembly base surface 2871. For example,in some embodiments, leaf displacement system 2800 can include arms2821-2822 and gear 2831, with arm 2821 coupled to gear 2831 at one endof arm 2821 and coupled to arm 2822 at the other end of arm 2821, andarm 2822 coupled to arm 2821 at one end of arm 2822 and coupled tosecond assembly first wing surface 2872 at the other end of arm 2822,such that when gear 2831 rotates, second assembly first wing surface2872 can be rotated. Similarly, leaf displacement system 2800 caninclude arms 2823-2824 and another gear (not shown), with arm 2823coupled to the gear at one end of arm 2823 and coupled to arm 2824 atthe other end of arm 2823, and arm 2824 coupled to arm 2823 at one endof arm 2824 and coupled to second assembly second wing surface 2873 atthe other end of arm 2824, such that when the gear rotates, secondassembly second wing surface 2873 can be rotated.

In some embodiments, leaf displacement system 2800 can rotate secondassembly first wing surface 2872 and second assembly second wing surface2873 when second assembly 2870 is extended and/or retracted along secondassembly rail 2817. In many embodiments, as second assembly 2870 isretracted along second assembly rail 2817, second assembly base surface2871, second assembly first wing surface 2872, and/or second assemblysecond wing surface 2873 can push foliage 1512 toward center 1513 ofplant 1510.

As shown in FIG. 28, first assembly 2850 can include a first assemblybase surface 2851, a first assembly first wing surface 2852, and a firstassembly second wing surface 2853. In many embodiments, first assemblybase surface 2851 can be fixedly coupled to first assembly rail 2815,and first assembly first wing surface 2852 and first assembly secondwing surface 2853 can each rotate with respect to first assembly basesurface 2851. For example, in some embodiments, leaf displacement system2800 can include arms 2851-2826 and gear 2832, with arm 2825 coupled togear 2833 at one end of arm 2825 and coupled to arm 2826 at the otherend of arm 2825, and arm 2826 coupled to arm 2825 at one end of arm 2826and coupled to first assembly first wing surface 2852 at the other endof arm 2826, such that when gear 2833 rotates, first assembly first wingsurface 2852 can be rotated. Similarly, leaf displacement system 2800can include a first arm (not shown), an arm 2828 and another gear (notshown), with the first arm coupled to the gear at one end of the firstarm and coupled to arm 2828 at the other end of the first arm, and arm2828 coupled to the first arm at one end of arm 2828 and coupled tofirst assembly second wing surface 2853 at the other end of arm 2828,such that when the gear rotates, first assembly second wing surface 2853can be rotated.

In some embodiments, leaf displacement system 2800 can rotate firstassembly first wing surface 2852 and first assembly second wing surface2853 when first assembly 2850 is extended and/or retracted along firstassembly rail 2815. In a number of embodiments, second assembly 2850 caninclude a first assembly first plate surface 2854 and/or a firstassembly second plate surface 2855. In many embodiments, first assemblyfirst plate surface 2854 can be fixedly coupled to first assembly firstwing surface 2852, such that first assembly first plate surface 2854 canrotate when first assembly first wing surface 2852 is rotated. Invarious embodiments, first assembly second plate surface 2855 can befixedly coupled to first assembly second wing surface 2853, such thatfirst assembly second plate surface 2855 can rotate when first assemblysecond wing surface 2853 is rotated.

In many embodiments, as first assembly 2850 is retracted along firstassembly rail 2815, first assembly base surface 2851, first assemblyfirst plate surface 2854, and/or first assembly second plate surface2855 can push foliage 1512 toward center 1513 of plant 1510. In manyembodiments, first assembly base surface 2851, first assembly first wingsurface 2852, first assembly second wing surface 2853, second assemblybase surface 2871, second assembly first wing surface 2872, and secondassembly second wing surface 2873 can each be rounded surfaces, such asa portion of a cylinder. In many embodiments, when leaf displacementsystem 2800 is in the closed configuration, as shown in FIG. 28, firstassembly base surface 2851, first assembly first wing surface 2852,first assembly second wing surface 2853, second assembly base surface2871, second assembly first wing surface 2872, and second assemblysecond wing surface 2873 can form a cylindrical shell that enclosesfirst assembly first plate surface 2854, first assembly second platesurface 2855, and/or foliage 1512.

In several embodiments, second assembly first wing surface 2872 andsecond assembly second wing surface 2873 can each be larger than firstassembly first wing surface 2852 and first assembly second wing surface2853, to allow second assembly first wing surface 2872 and secondassembly second wing surface 2873 to capture more of foliage 1512, asshown in FIG. 29. Because first assembly first wing surface 2852 andfirst assembly second wing surface 2853 are smaller, and unable tocapture as much of foliage 1512, first assembly first plate surface 2874and first assembly second plate surface 2855 can be used by firstassembly 2850 to capture more of foliage 1512, as shown in FIG. 29. Inmany embodiments, first assembly first plate surface 2874 and firstassembly second plate surface 2855 can capture foliage 1512 and sweepfoliage 1512 within the cylindrical shell shown in FIG. 31. As partiallyshown in FIG. 30 by first assembly first plate surface 2854, as firstassembly first plate surface 2854 and first assembly second platesurface 2855 are rotated inward as leaf displacement system 2800transitions from the open configuration (as shown in FIG. 28) to theclosed configuration (as shown in FIG. 31), first assembly first platesurface 2854 and first assembly second plate surface 2855 can sweepwithin second assembly first wing surface 2872 and second assemblysecond wing surface 2873, such that when leaf displacement system 2800is in the closed configuration, as shown in FIG. 30, first assemblyfirst plate surface 2854 and first assembly second plate surface 2855can be fully enclosed within the cylindrical shell described above.

In many embodiments, foliage 1512 can be held within a circumference toexpose crops 1511, and allow a harvesting robot (e.g., 100 (FIG. 1),2000 (FIG. 20)) to rotate around plant 1510 and detect and pick crops1511 without interference from foliage 1512. In many embodiments, thecircumference can be dictated by the type of plant being harvested. Forexample, in some plants, such as strawberry plants, the circumferencecan be no more than approximately 8 inches (20.32 centimeters (cm)), 7inches (17.78 cm), 6 inches (15.24 cm), 5 inches (12.7 cm), or anothersuitable circumference. For other plants, the circumference can beanother suitable circumference

In many embodiments, foliage displacement system 2800 can be carriedsuch that a bottommost of foliage displacement system 2800, such as abottommost part of first assembly base surface 2851, first assemblyfirst wing surface 2852, first assembly second wing surface 2853, firstassembly first plate surface 2874, first assembly second plate surface2855, second assembly base surface 2871, second assembly first wingsurface 2872, and/or second assembly second wing surface 2873 can be afirst distance from growing bed 1501 when leaf displacement system 2800transitions from the open configuration (shown in FIG. 28) to the closedconfiguration (shown in FIG. 31). In many embodiments, the distance canbe dependent on the size of the crops (e.g., 1511) and/or the typicalsize of the foliage (e.g., 1512) when the crops are being harvested,such that the crops (e.g., 1511) are not captured by leaf displacementsystem 2800, but the foliage (e.g., 1512) is captured. For example, insome embodiments, such as when the crops are strawberries, the distancecan be approximately 2 inches (5.08 cm) to 4 inches (10.16 cm). In otherembodiments, the distance can be approximately 2.5 inches (6.35 cm) orapproximately 3.0 inches (7.62 cm). In other embodiments, the distancecan be another suitable distance.

In many embodiments, leaf displacement system 2800 can be held belowcarrier assembly 2070 (FIGS. 20-21) of harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 20)or carrier assembly 170 (FIG. 1) of harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1). Forexample, leaf displacement system 2800 can be held between mountingbearing 2074 (FIG. 20) and plant 1510 when mounting bearing 2074 iscentered over plant 1510. In many embodiments, can be held stationarysuch that leaf displacement system 2800 does not rotate with respect toplant 1510 when harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 20) or harvesting robot 100(FIG. 1) rotates around plant 1510 to detect and pick crops, which canbeneficially hold foliage 1512 in place without leaf displacement system2800 damaging foliage 1512 or getting caught on foliage 1512.

In many embodiments, when the harvesting robot (e.g., 100 (FIG. 1), 2000(FIG. 20)) corresponding to leaf displacement system 2800 approachesplant 1510, such as a plant along a row of plants, leaf displacementsystem 2800 can be in the open configuration, as shown in FIG. 28,and/or first assembly 2850 can be disposed on one side of plant 1510 andsecond assembly 2870 can be disposed on the opposite side of plant 1510,as shown in FIG. 28, which can beneficially allow the harvesting robot(e.g., 100 (FIG. 1), 2000 (FIG. 20)) and support structure 2810 of leafdisplacement system 2800 to approach plant 1510 and become centered overplant 1510, after which leaf displacement system can transition from theopen configuration to the closed configuration. After the harvestingrobot (e.g., 100 (FIG. 1), 2000 (FIG. 20)) has finished rotating aroundplant 1510 (and finished detecting and picking crops on plant 1510),leaf detection system 2800 can transition from the closed configuration(as shown in FIG. 31) to the open configuration (as shown in FIG. 28).

In other embodiments, a leaf displacement system can have otherconfigurations. For example, a base surface can be surrounded by twowing surfaces, which can each rotate with respect to the base surfaceand can capture foliage 1512 within the base surface the two wingsurfaces, to close in a triangular shape and hold foliage 1512.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 32 illustrates a top, rear, leftside perspective view of a harvesting vehicle 3200 traveling throughrows of plant beds 3280. FIG. 33 illustrates a rear view of harvestingvehicle 3200 traveling through rows of plant beds 3280. FIG. 34illustrates a top view of harvesting vehicle 3200 traveling through rowsof plant beds 3280. Harvesting vehicle 3200 is merely exemplary, andembodiments of the harvesting vehicle are not limited to embodimentspresented herein. The harvesting vehicle can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein.

The rows of plant beds can include plant beds 3281-3290 which can bespaced apart to form rows 3291-3299. Plant beds 3281-3290 can includerows of plants, such as plants 3220. In some embodiments, plant beds3280-3290 can be slightly angled, such as on each side of each of plantbeds 3280-3290 to assist with water run-off In many embodiments, eachangled side of the bed can include rows of plants. Plants 3220 can be astrawberry plant, a tomato plant, a pepper (e.g., bell peppers, chilipeppers, etc.) plant, an orange tree, or another suitable plant.

In many embodiments, harvesting vehicle 3200 can be used to harvestplants 3220. In many embodiments, harvesting vehicle 3200 can includewheels, such as wheels 3201-3204 and a body 3210. In many embodiments,the wheels can rolls along rows (e.g., 3291-3299) between the plant beds(e.g., 3281-3290). For example, in some embodiments, wheels 3201-3202can roll along row 3292 and wheels 3203-3204 can roll along row 3298,such that harvesting vehicle 3200 straddles six plant beds (e.g., plantbeds 3283-3288), and can be used to harvest four plant beds (e.g., plantbeds 3284-3287) at a time. In other embodiments, harvesting vehicle 3200can straddle more or fewer plant beds and can harvest more or fewerplant beds at a time. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 32, rows3291-3299 can be straight, but in a different embodiment, the rows canbe curved.

In many embodiments, body 3210 can include frame pieces 3211-3212, whichin some embodiments can be I-beams or other suitable frame pieces toprovide support for body 3210 across the plant beds (e.g., 3283-3288)straddled by body 3210. In several embodiments, body 3210 can includearms 3213 and 3214 on each side of harvesting vehicle 3200, which caninclude global positioning system (GPS) receivers 3215 and 3216,respectively.

In a number of embodiments, body 3210 can include robot positioningcarrier (RPC) tracks 3334-3337 (FIGS. 33-34). In many embodiments, RPCtracks 3334-3337 can carry robot positioning carriers (RPCs) 3240, 3250,3260, and 3270, respectively. In many embodiments, each RPC can carryrobots, such as harvesting robots 3461-3464 (FIG. 34), as explained ingreater detail below. In several embodiments, body 3210 can include anRPC drive system 3230, which can control the position of RPCs 3240,3250, 3260, and 3270 with respect to RPC tracks 3334-3337.

In many embodiments, RPC drive system 3230 can include an RPC motor3231, an RPC drive block 3232, an RPC drive shaft 3233, and an RPC frame3234. In a number of embodiments, RPC drive frame 3234 can be mounted tobody 3210, such as to frame pieces 3211-3212. In several embodiments,RPC motor 3231 can be mounted to RPC drive frame 3234, and can drive RPCdrive block 3232 to rotate RPC shaft 3233. In many embodiments, RPCshaft 3233 can extend through each of RPC tracks 3334-3337 to controlthe position of RPCs 324, 3250, 3260, and 3270 with respect to RPCtracks 3334-3337, as explained below in greater detail.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 35 illustrates a top, rear, rightside perspective view of RPC 3260. FIG. 36 illustrates a bottom, front,right side view of RPC 3260 being carried by RPC track 3336 and showinga portion of RPC drive system 3230. FIG. 37 illustrates a rear view of aportion of RPC 3260 being carried by RPC track 3336 and showing a drivemechanism of RPC 3260 using RPC drive shaft 3233. RPC 3260 is merelyexemplary, and embodiments of the RPC are not limited to embodimentspresented herein. The RPC can be employed in many different embodimentsor examples not specifically depicted or described herein. RPC drivesystem 3230 is merely exemplary, and embodiments of the RPC drive systemare not limited to embodiments presented herein. The RPC drive systemcan be employed in many different embodiments or examples notspecifically depicted or described herein.

In many embodiments, each RPC (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270) can be thesame as each other, such as RPC 3260. In many embodiments, RPC 3260 cancarry harvesting robots 3461-3464, which can be similar or identical toharvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1) and/or harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 20). Insome embodiments, each harvesting robot (e.g., 3461-3464) can be includea mounting bearing, such as mounting bearings 3521-3524, respectively.Mounting bearings 3521-3524 can be similar or identical to mountingbearings 1274 (FIG. 12) and/or 2074 (FIG. 20). In many embodiments, RPC3260 can include a carrier frame 3510, which can include mounting pieces3511-3514, which can attached to mounting bearings 3521-3524,respectively. In many embodiments, mounting pieces 3511-3514 can bemodular attachment pieces, which can be removably coupled to harvestingrobots 3461-3464, respectively, such as to quickly replace a harvestingrobot (e.g., 3461-3464) in case of malfunction, or to attach differenttypes of robots, such as hole punching robots, as described below infurther detail.

In several embodiments, RPC 3260 can carry four robots, as shown inFIGS. 35-36. In other embodiments, RPC 3260 can carry another number ofrobots, such as 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or another suitablenumber of robots. By carrying multiple robots, RPC 3260 can positionmultiple robots in place to each simultaneously perform tasks, such asharvesting plants or other suitable tasks. In many embodiments, RPC 3260can position the robots such that the robots can perform the taskssimultaneously and independently without interfering with the otherrobots. For example, as shown in FIGS. 35-36, RPC 3260 can space therobots two on each side, with interleaved spacing, as further shown inFIG. 39 and described below.

In many embodiments, for ease of service, each robot (e.g., 3461-3464)can have its own self-contained controller and processors, which canhave communications and/or power connections to the rest of theharvesting vehicle (e.g., 3200 (FIGS. 32-34)). Each one of these robotscan include motor controls, position sensors, solenoid controls,cameras, vision processing, strobe controls, and/or other suitablecomponents. The robots (e.g., 3461-3464) can act like a hive of beesthat are orientated to perform certain tasks or functions when cued andreport back when completed so that the higher-level system in theharvesting vehicle (e.g., 3200 (FIGS. 32-34)) can perform next steps. Inmany embodiments, the robots (e.g., 3461-3464) can perform these basicfunctions simultaneously and independently when commanded. In case ofthe malfunction of one of the robots (e.g., 3461-3464), it isadvantageous to be able to trade out the robot (e.g., 3461-3464) quicklyso that the rest of the robots (e.g., 3461-3464) can continue working. Aquick change-out system for the robots (e.g., 3461-3464) can beimplemented by minimizing the electrical and mechanical connections ittakes to replace a robot (e.g., 3461-3464). By including multiple RPCs(e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-34)) each with multiple robots(e.g., 3461-3464) on harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), harvestingvehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34) can perform operations (e.g., picking, holepunching) on multiple rows during picking operations, increasing pickingefficiency of harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34). For example,harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34) show in FIGS. 32-34 includes 16different harvesting robots, which can pick crops on 16 different plantssimultaneously. In other embodiments, harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS.32-34) can include more or fewer harvesting robots and/or robots of adifferent type (e.g., hole punching robots or other suitable robots).

In many embodiments, carrier frame 3510 of RPC 3260 can include trackcoupling mechanisms 3515 and 3516, which can be configured to slidablycouple to RPC track 3336. For example, track coupling mechanisms3515-3516 can each include a number of wheels to couple RPC 3260 to RPCtrack 3336 and facilitate movement of RPC 3260 with respect to RPC track3336, as shown in FIG. 36.

In many embodiments, RPC drive shaft 3230 can extend through each RPCtrack, such as RPC track 3336, and can include two drums on each side ofthe RPC track, such as drums 3711 and 3712 (FIG. 37) on each side of RPCtrack 3336. In several embodiments, track 3336 can include a track wheel3638 (FIGS. 36-37) at one end of RPC track 3336 and a track wheel 3739(FIG. 37) at the other end of RPC track 3336. In some embodiments, trackwheel 3638 can be of a one side of RPC track 3336, such as on the sameside as drum 3711, and track wheel 3739 can be on the other side of RPCtrack 3336, such as drum 3712.

As shown in FIG. 37, in several embodiments, a cable 3713 (FIG. 37, notshown in other FIGs. for clarity) can be wrapped around drum 3711,extend from the front side of drum 3711 under drum 3711 and be woundaround track wheel 3638, extend under RPC track 3336 to track wheel3739, and be wound around track wheel 3739 to extend under and arounddrum 3712. In many embodiments, cable 3712 can be attached to RPC 3260under RPC track 3336, such as on carrier frame 3510 (attachment notshown). In many embodiments, cable 3713 can create a positive engagementsystem, such that when RPC drive shaft 3233 rotates in a firstrotational direction and rotates drums 3711-3712 in the first rotationaldirection, drum 3711 can further wind cable 3713 while drum 3712 unwindscable 3713, which can result in cable 3713 moving RPC 3260 in a rearwarddirection. Similarly, when RPC drive shaft 3233 rotates in a seconddirection and rotates drums 3711-3712 in the second rotationaldirection, drum 3712 can further wind cable 3713 while drum 3711 unwindscable 3713, which can result in cable 3713 moving RPC 3260 in afrontward direction. As shown in FIG. 36, RPC motor 3231 can use RPCdrive block to drive RPC drive shaft 3230 in either rotationaldirection.

In many embodiments, each RPC (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS.32-34)) on harvesting vehicle 3200 can be driven by RPC drive shaft3233, which is in common, and which can move and position each RPC(e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-34)) together to the sameposition above the different plant beds (e.g., 3284-3287 (FIGS. 32-34)).

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 38 illustrates a set of time views3811-3817 over time showing side views of a progression of an RPC 3803on a track 3802 over a plant bed 3801. FIG. 39 illustrates a schematicof a portion of plant bed 3801, showing the position of robots carriedby RPC 3803 over time. RPC 3803 can be similar or identical to RPCs3240, 3250, 3260, or 3270 (FIG. 32-34). Track 3802 can be similar oridentical to RPC tracks 3334-3337 (FIGS. 33-34). In many embodiments,RPC 3802 can carry robots 3804-3807, which can each by similar oridentical to harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1) or harvesting robot 2000(FIG. 1), or another suitable robot. For example, robots 3804-3807 canbe hole punching robots. Time views 3811-3817 can proceed sequentially,showing the progression of RPC 3803 and track 3802 over plant bed 3801.

Plant bed can include a plant row 3901 (FIG. 39) and a plant row 3902(FIG. 39), which can each be a straight or curved row of plants. Forexample, plant row 3901 can include plants 3881-3895 and plant row 3902can include plants 3821-3835. In some embodiments, robots 3804-3807 canpick plants 3881-3895 and 3821-3835, based on the pattern legend shownin FIG. 39, and as described below in further detail.

In many embodiments, track 3802 be attached to a vehicle, such asharvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), or another suitable vehicle. Inmany embodiments, the vehicle can proceed at an approximately constantvelocity, such that track 3802 proceeds at an approximately constantvelocity in a first direction (e.g., right to left in FIG. 38) withrespect to plant bed 3801. In many embodiments, RPC 3803 can move withrespect to track 3802, such as explained above for RPC 3260 and RPCtrack 3336 in connection with FIGS. 36-37. In many embodiments, themovement of RPC 3803 with respect to track 3802 can beneficially keeprobots 3804-3807 in a stationary position with respect to plant bed3801.

As shown in FIG. 38, time views 3811 and 3812 are progressive time viewsduring a first time period in which RPC 3803 is held in a first carrierposition and stationary with respect to plant bed 3801 while track 3802moves in the first direction with respect to plant bed 3801. While inthe first carrier position, the robots (e.g., 3804-3807) can be carriedin a stationary manner at a first set of robot positions, such thatrobot 3807 is carried in a stationary manner at plant 3821, robot 3806is carried in a stationary manner at plant 3881, robot 3805 is carriedin a stationary manner at plant 3824, and robot 3804 is carried in astationary manner at plant 3884. As shown in time views 3811 and 3812,RPC 3803 is held in the first carrier position and the first set ofrobot positions remains constant as track 3802 proceeds in the firstdirection. To achieve this station-keeping of RPC 3803, RPC 3803 canmove with respect to track 3802 in a second direction that is oppositethe first direction at the same velocity that track 3802 moves in thefirst direction with respect to plant bed 3801.

At a time period extending between the time views shown in time views3812-3813, RPC 3802 can move from the first carrier position to a secondcarrier position. The movement of RPC 3802 from the first carrierposition to the second carrier position can be an adjacent progression.Adjacent progression can refer to the robots moving to a positionimmediately next to the previous position, such as moving to the nextplant in a row of plants. To achieve this adjacent progression of RPC3803, RPC 3803 can move with respect to track 3802 in the firstdirection while track 3802 continues to move in the first directionrespect to plant bed 3801, such that RPC 3803 moves fasted in the firstdirection with respect to plant bed 3801 than track 3802 moves in thefirst direction with respect to plant bed 3801.

Time views 3813 and 3814 are progressive time views during a second timeperiod in which RPC 3803 is held in the second carrier position andstationary with respect to plant bed 3801 while track 3802 moves in thefirst direction with respect to plant bed 3801. While in the secondcarrier position, the robots (e.g., 3804-3807) can be carried in astationary manner at a second set of robot positions, such that robot3807 is carried in a stationary manner at plant 3822, robot 3806 iscarried in a stationary manner at plant 3882, robot 3805 is carried in astationary manner at plant 3825, and robot 3804 is carried in astationary manner at plant 3885. As shown in time views 3813 and 3814,RPC 3803 is held in the second carrier position and the second set ofrobot positions remains constant as track 3802 proceeds in the firstdirection. To achieve this station-keeping of RPC 3803, RPC 3803 canmove with respect to track 3802 in a second direction that is oppositethe first direction at the same velocity that track 3802 moves in thefirst direction with respect to plant bed 3801.

At a time period extending between the time views shown in time views3814-3815, RPC 3802 can move from the second carrier position to afourth carrier position. The movement of RPC 3802 from the secondcarrier position to the fourth carrier position can be an adjacentprogression. To achieve this adjacent progression of RPC 3803, RPC 3803can move with respect to track 3802 in the first direction while track3802 continues to move in the first direction respect to plant bed 3801,such that RPC 3803 moves fasted in the first direction with respect toplant bed 3801 than track 3802 moves in the first direction with respectto plant bed 3801.

Time views 3815 and 3816 are progressive time views during a fourth timeperiod in which RPC 3803 is held in the fourth carrier position andstationary with respect to plant bed 3801 while track 3802 moves in thefirst direction with respect to plant bed 3801. While in the fourthcarrier position, the robots (e.g., 3804-3807) can be carried in astationary manner at a fourth set of robot positions, such that robot3807 is carried in a stationary manner at plant 3823, robot 3806 iscarried in a stationary manner at plant 3883, robot 3805 is carried in astationary manner at plant 3826, and robot 3804 is carried in astationary manner at plant 3886. As shown in time views 3815 and 3816,RPC 3803 is held in the fourth carrier position and the fourth set ofrobot positions remains constant as track 3802 proceeds in the firstdirection. To achieve this station-keeping of RPC 3803, RPC 3803 canmove with respect to track 3802 in a second direction that is oppositethe first direction at the same velocity that track 3802 moves in thefirst direction with respect to plant bed 3801.

At a time period extending between the time views shown in time views3816-3817, RPC 3802 can move from the fourth carrier position to a thirdcarrier position. The movement of RPC 3802 from the fourth carrierposition to the third carrier position can be a leap-frog progression.Leap-frog progression can refer to the robots moving to a position thatis not immediately next to the previous position and which skips (or“leap over”) other positions that have already been serviced, such asmoving from a plant in a row of plants to another plant in a row ofplants that is beyond other plants that have already been picked. Toachieve this leap-frog progression of RPC 3803, RPC 3803 can move withrespect to track 3802 in the first direction while track 3802 continuesto move in the first direction respect to plant bed 3801, such that RPC3803 moves fasted in the first direction with respect to plant bed 3801than track 3802 moves in the first direction with respect to plant bed3801. In many embodiments, RPC 3803 can move faster in the firstdirection with respect to track 3802 during the leap-frog progressionthan during the adjacent progression.

Time view 3817 is a time view during a third time period in which RPC3803 is held in the third carrier position and stationary with respectto plant bed 3801 while track 3802 moves in the first direction withrespect to plant bed 3801. While in the third carrier position, therobots (e.g., 3804-3807) can be carried in a stationary manner at athird set of robot positions, such that robot 3807 is carried in astationary manner at plant 3827, robot 3806 is carried in a stationarymanner at plant 3887, robot 3805 is carried in a stationary manner atplant 3830, and robot 3804 is carried in a stationary manner at plant3890. RPC 3803 is held in the third carrier position and the third setof robot positions remains constant as track 3802 proceeds in the firstdirection. To achieve this station-keeping of RPC 3803, RPC 3803 canmove with respect to track 3802 in a second direction that is oppositethe first direction at the same velocity that track 3802 moves in thefirst direction with respect to plant bed 3801. In many embodiments, theprocess can repeat similarly as explained in the progression of timeviews 3811-3817 in the progressed robot positions to continuepositioning the robots at progressed plant positions for plants 3828,3829, 3831-3835, and so forth for plant row 3902, for plants 3888, 3889,3891-3895, and so forth for plant row 3901.

At each set of robot positions, the robots (e.g., 3804-3807) can performtasks simultaneously. For example, if robots 3804-3807 are harvestingrobots (e.g., harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1), harvesting robot 2000 (FIG.20)), robots 3804-3807 can each independently and simultaneously rotatearound the plants at the set of robot positions to detect and pick cropsfrom the plants. In many embodiments, the times at which the robots(e.g., 3804-3807) are kept at each of the set of robot positions candepend on the nature of the task. For example, for picking crops usingharvesting robots, RPC 3803 can remain at each set of robot positionsfor a set time, such as 8 seconds, or another suitable time required forpicking crops. For another type of robots, such as hole-punching robots,the time at each position can be shorter, such as 1 second, or anothersuitable time period. In many embodiments, the movement from a set ofrobot positions to the next set of robot positions for an adjacentprogression can be a suitable time required to move RPC 3803 to the nextset of robots positions. For example, for picking crops using harvestingrobots, RPC 3803 can perform the adjacent progression during a set time,such as 1.5 seconds, or another suitable time required for moving RPC3803 in the adjacent progression. In many embodiments, the movement froma set of robot positions to the next set of robot positions for aleap-frog progression can be a suitable time required to move RPC 3803to the next set of robots positions when leap-frogging other sets ofrobot positions. For example, for picking crops using harvesting robots,RPC 3803 can perform the leap-frog progression during a set time, suchas 2.5 seconds, or another suitable time required for picking crops, oranother suitable time required for moving RPC 3803 in the leap-frogprogression.

In many embodiments, the station-keeping of RPC 3803 in each set ofrobot positions can advantageously allow the vehicle (e.g., harvestingvehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34) to move at an approximately constantvelocity, such that the vehicle does not need to start and stop betweeneach set of robot positions, and such that the vehicle can avoid wastedtime required to start and stop and the large amount of wasted energynecessary to accelerate and decelerate the vehicle at each start andstop.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 40 illustrates a top view of rows ofplant beds 4000 showing a vehicle 4001 in a progression of time views4011-4013 as vehicle 4001 moves through rows of plant beds 4000. Vehicle4001 is merely exemplary, and embodiments of the vehicle are not limitedto embodiments presented herein. The vehicle can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. Vehicle 4001 can be similar or identical to vehicle 3200 (FIGS.32-34), and can show only portions of vehicle 3200 for clarity. Forexample, vehicle 4001 can include a body with four RPC tracks 4004-4007,which can be similar or identical to RPC tracks 3334-3337 (FIGS. 33-34),and can carry RPCs, such as RPCs 3240, 3250, 3260, and 3270 (FIGS.32-34), respectively, but not shown here in FIG. 40. In manyembodiments, vehicle 4001 can include wheels at each side of vehicle4001, such as wheels 4002 at a first side of vehicle 4001 and wheels4003 at a second side of vehicle 4001.

In many embodiments, vehicle 4001 can move through rows of plant beds4000, which can include plant beds, such as plant beds 4021-4032, androws, such as rows 4041-4051, between the plant beds (e.g., 4021-4032).In several embodiments, wheels 4002-4003 can roll along rows (e.g.,4041-4051) between the plant beds (e.g., 4021-4032). For example, insome embodiments, as shown in time view 4011, wheels 4002 can roll alongrow 4047 and wheels 4003 can roll along row 4041, such that vehicle 4001straddles six plant beds (e.g., plant beds 4021-4027), and can be usedto harvest and/or punch holes in four plant beds (e.g., plant beds4023-4026) at a time. For example, track 4004 can be positioned overplant bed 4026, track 4005 can be positioned over plant bed 4025, track4006 can be positioned over plant bed 4024, and track 4007 can bepositioned over plant bed 4023. In other embodiments, vehicle 4001 canstraddle more or fewer plant beds and can harvest more or fewer plantbeds at a time. Vehicle 4001 can progress along the rows (e.g., 4041,4047) in a first direction to harvest and/or punch holes on the plantbeds (e.g., 4023-4026), such as right to left in FIG. 40. The rows canbe straight or curved.

As shown in time view 4012, after reaching the end of the rows (e.g.,4023-4026), vehicle 4001 can turn wheels 4002 and 4003 at a right angleto proceed to a next set of rows. After reaching the next set of rows,vehicle 4001 can again turn wheels 4002 and 4003 at a right angle toproceed along the next set of rows in a second direction that isopposite the first direction, such as left to right in FIG. 40. In manyembodiments, each wheel (e.g., 4002, 4003) can turn independently.

As shown in time view 4013, wheels 4002 can roll along row 4045 andwheels 4003 can roll along row 4051, such that vehicle 4001 straddlessix plant beds (e.g., plant beds 4026-4031), and can be used to harvestand/or punch holes in four plant beds (e.g., plant beds 4027-4030) at atime. For example, track 4004 can be positioned over plant bed 4030,track 4005 can be positioned over plant bed 4029, track 4006 can bepositioned over plant bed 4028, and track 4007 can be positioned overplant bed 4027. Vehicle 4001 can similarly progress along rows of plantbeds 4000 in a serpentine fashion to process each row of plant beds4000. In many embodiments, vehicle 4001 can be guided by a guidancecontrol system, as explained below in greater detail.

In many embodiments, vehicle 4001 can be used to punch holes forplanting plants for crops (e.g., strawberries or other crops) carryharvesting robots (e.g., 100 (FIG. 1), 2000 (FIGS. 20-21)) for pickingcrops (e.g., strawberries or other crops). In many embodiments, aguidance control system can position RPCs (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270(FIGS. 32-34)), which can carry hole-punching robots to punch holes, asshown in FIG. 43 and described below, to carry harvesting robots (e.g.,100 (FIG. 1), 2000 (FIGS. 20-21)), or other suitable robots. In manyembodiments, the robots can be positioned to perform tasks (e.g., holepunching, picking crops, etc.) by the guidance control system based on alocation from GPS receivers (e.g., GPS receivers 3215-3216 (FIGS.32-34)) and/or other approaches, such as those described below.

For many types of plants, there are three phases in a lifecycle of theplants in the field, namely planting, growing, and harvesting. At theoutset, there are no plants in the field, and as such the placement andpositioning of the plants is not established. In some embodiments, theguidance control system can calculate target plant locations based on aninitial reference position and a heading. These target plant locationscan then be used to position the RPCs (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270(FIGS. 32-34)) and robots carried by the RPCs to punch the holes for theactual plants. In a number of embodiments, the actual plant locationscan be stored in a database for later use. In some embodiments, theplant locations can be stored based on a reference position and aheading, with offsets calculated based on fixed spacing between plants.

Knowing the plant locations accurately can be an important aspect infacilitating the positioning of vehicle 4001 over the center of theplants in a repeatable manner. However, the nature of commercial,stand-alone GPS generally contains error sources that combine toinfluence the position error of the GPS solution over time. StandardPositioning Service (SPS) GPS positioning can contain horizontal errorson the order of 10 meters. Wide-area augmentation types, such as WAAS(Wide Area Augmentation System) in the United States, can reduce thaterror to meter-level, with additional augmentation services andtechniques reducing the error even further, down to decimeter-level forlocal-area differential GPS (LADGPS), and centimeter-level accuracy forReal-Time Kinematic (RTK) systems.

Accurate positioning of vehicle 4001 facilitates accurate determinationof the RPCs (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-34)) and robotscarried by the RPCs, which, when combined with knowledge of the multiplerobot positions on the RPC and/or plant locations, can be used toperform tasks with multiple robots at the same time (e.g., pickingmultiple plants at the same time).

A potential challenge when trying to hold sub-inch accuracy with GPSalone is that commercially available GPS systems are generally onlyaccurate down to 0.433 inches (1.10 cm) when using RTK, and may have aslow refresh rate. While moving at approximately 1 mile per hour (mph)(1.61 kilometers per hour (kph)), with a 20 Hertz (Hz) position outputfrom the GPS, vehicle 4001 can move 0.12 inch (0.30 cm) every second,and 0.0061 inch (0.0154 cm) between each GPS position refresh. Slowerrefresh rates, or a faster harvester speed, can result in a greaterdistance traveled between each GPS position refresh. Some embodimentsmay work around a slower refresh rate by using a combination of GPS anddead reckoning using a velocity of vehicle 4001 to estimate the currentposition of the harvester.

When rows (e.g., rows 4041-4051) are on 50 inch (127 cm) centers, withthe distance between plants being even smaller, such distances can leadto inaccuracies due to floating point rounding during the computationprocess utilizing a purely latitude and longitude-based referencesystem. Computing geographical distance using the law of cosines cancause such errors over small distances, as the cosine value approaches1.0. Alternatives, such as the Haversine formula, can suffer from errorderived from treatment of the Earth as a sphere, rather than an oblatespheroid. Vincenty's solutions can offer advantages suited to the needsof plant location calculations. Vincenty's solutions are derived as twoiterative methods: (a) a direct solution, which computes a second pointgiven an initial position, a bearing (heading), and a distance; and (b)an inverse solution, which computes the distance and bearing between twopoints

The start location of a row can be given by either an area around astart point or by a start line defined by two points. A distance canthen be calculated from the start location for each of the plants in therow. The distance traveled can then be calculated as the tractor movesdown the row by using a number of different inputs such as GPS-basedvelocity, ground-based velocity, the time from last GPS update, last GPSlocation, and/or direction of travel. With this, a more accurateestimate of the distance travelled can be calculated than with justusing GPS locations alone.

In the eyes of advance planning, some embodiments may traverse the rowwith vehicle 4001 to get the start and stop coordinates for each rowalong with the travel direction (heading) of the row. From there, thestart locations of each row can be calculated from the start location ofthe first row in the set.

When calculating the plant locations using a latitude/longitude system,the use of Vincenty's direct solution allows for calculation of aposition given an initial position, a bearing, and a distance. This canform a two-part solution to find the origin of each row, given the fieldstarting point and the direction the rows are to run, and the distancebetween each row, and the location of each plant in the row, given thedirection the rows are to run and the distance between each plant.

For the first step of the process, the equation below gives the originposition for each row:

$\left( {\phi_{{row},i},\lambda_{{row},i}} \right) = \;{v\;\left( {\phi_{0},\lambda_{0},{\psi_{field} \pm \frac{\pi}{2}},{\delta\;{row}}} \right)}$where ϕ_(row,i) and λ_(row,i) are the latitude and longitude,respectively, of the start of the row, ϕ₀ and λ₀ are the latitude andlongitude, respectively, of the field origin point, ψ_(field) is theheading of the field's rows, δ_(row) is the distance between rows, andthe function V(x) is Vincenty's direct solution.

Once the origin position for each row is known, the position of eachplant in the row can be calculated:(ϕ_(plt,n),λ_(plt,n))=V(ϕ_(row,i),λ_(row,i),ψ_(field) ,δplt)where ϕ_(plt,n) and λ_(plt,n) are the latitude and longitude,respectively, of the n^(th) plant in the row, ϕ_(row,i) and λ_(row,i)are the latitude and longitude, respectively, of the start of the row,ψ_(field) is the heading of the field's rows, δ_(plt) is the distancebetween plants in the row, and the function V(x) is Vincenty's directsolution.

In order to accurately place the robots over each plant, the location ofthe GPS with respect to each row as well as the location of the RPC(Robot Position Carrier) with respect to the phase center of the GPSantenna can be determined. Accurately knowing all these values in orderto hold +/−0.75 inch (1.90 cm) tolerance on the robots can presentchallenges. As discussed above, the accuracy of GPS is at best 0.433inch (1.10 cm), which uses up most of the tolerance. Another possibleissue is that a slow refresh rate for GPS position output can causeuncertainty with the current position and velocity of vehicle 4001 ifthe drive system of vehicle 4001 causes unanticipated acceleration ordeceleration to occur between updates.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 41 illustrates a top view of avehicle 4001, showing an X-axis and a Y-axis in a coordinate system fora guidance control system. FIG. 42 illustrates a rear view of a vehicle4001, showing a Y-axis and a Z-axis in the coordinate system of FIG. 41for a guidance control system. When discussing items such as platformattitude and lever arms, the guidance control system can use a definedreference frame from which to derive measurements and to assign axes ofrotation for the platform attitude parameters. Viewing movement andtranslations from the perspective of a theoretical driver on vehicle4001 can be defined by a “body frame” of vehicle 4001, denoted by B witha subscript for each axis (e.g., B_(x), B_(y), B_(z)). The body frame Bcan be defined as a right-hand coordinate system, with the positiveX-axis pointing in the direction shown in FIG. 41, which can be in thesame direction of tracks 4004-4007, and the positive Y-axis pointing ina direction from wheels 4003 to wheels 4002, as shown in FIG. 41. As thecoordinate system is right-handed, the positive Z axis can pointdownward from the bottom of the platform towards the ground, as shown inFIG. 42.

The direction of travel can change if the harvester platform is drivenalong a row in the opposite direction, but the body frame axes describedhere will not change with the direction of travel. With the body frameaxes defined, as shown in FIGS. 41-42, attitude parameters,specifically, roll, pitch, and yaw, can be defined. Roll is a rotationabout the body-X axis, tilting the platform from side to side. Pitch isa rotation about the body-Y axis, and is equivalent to tilting theplatform forward or backward. Yaw is about the body-Z axis, and is thedirection the platform is facing.

Each GPS receiver (e.g. 3215-3216 (FIGS. 32-34)) can provide thecalculated position of the phase center of the antenna of the GPSreceiver (e.g. 3215-3216 (FIGS. 32-34)). This calculated position can beused to navigate vehicle 4001, although the physical mounting locationof the GPS receiver (e.g. 3215-3216 (FIGS. 32-34)) on the frame pieces(e.g., 3211-3212 (FIGS. 32-34)) are is usually not ideal for thispurpose because of clear-sight line blockages. In many embodiments, GPSreceivers (e.g., 3215-3216 (FIGS. 32-35)) can be mounted on the top ofvehicle 4001, such as on arms 3213-3214 (FIGS. 32-34), respectively, asshown on harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34) to allow for clear sightlines, which can facilitate improved GPS reception

In order to provide a position that is conducive for autonomousnavigation, the GPS position can be referenced to a guidance controlpoint (GCP) 4100. GCP 4100 can serve as a reference for calculatingother locations on vehicle 4001, such as positions of each RPC (e.g.,3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-34)) and each robot (e.g., 3461-3464(FIG. 34)) carried by each RPC (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS.32-34)). The GCP can be used as the reference point when navigatingvehicle 4001. Calculating the position of GCP 4100 from the GPS positioncan involve incorporating lever arm information for each of the GPSreceivers (e.g., 3215-3216 (FIGS. 32-34)) on arms 3213-3214 (FIGS.32-34) with respect to GCP 4100.

The lever arm information for the GPS receivers (e.g., 3215-3216 (FIGS.32-34)) can be determined through measurement, either on vehicle 4001itself or through the use of a modeling program to determine thedistances. In most embodiments, the guidance control system canincorporation additional lever arm information for each of the robots.This lever arm information for the robots, when used in conjunction withthe lever arm information for the GPS receivers (e.g., 3215-3216 (FIGS.32-34)) can allow for the position of each robot to be calculated basedon the position of the GPS receivers (3215-3216 (FIGS. 32-34)). If theassumptions can be made that the RPC (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270(FIGS. 32-34)) is aligned with the body-forward (X) axis, the absoluteposition of each robot, u, can be determined.

The attitude, namely heading, pitch, and roll, of vehicle 4001 can beused to form a Direction Cosine Matrix (DCM) relating the attitude ofvehicle 4001 to the north-pointing navigation frame. This DCM, calledC_(B) ^(N), is shown below:

$C_{B}^{N} = \begin{bmatrix}{\cos\mspace{14mu}\theta\mspace{11mu}\cos\mspace{11mu}\psi} & {{{- \cos}\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\psi} +} & {{\sin\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\psi} +} \\\; & {\sin\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\theta\mspace{11mu}\cos\mspace{11mu}\psi} & {\cos\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\theta\mspace{11mu}\cos\mspace{11mu}\psi} \\{\cos\mspace{11mu}\theta\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\psi} & {{\cos\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\cos\mspace{11mu}\psi} +} & {{{- \sin}\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\cos\mspace{11mu}\psi} +} \\\; & {\sin\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\theta\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\psi} & {\cos\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\theta\mspace{11mu}\sin\mspace{11mu}\psi} \\{{- \sin}\mspace{11mu}\theta} & {\sin\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\cos\mspace{11mu}\theta} & {\cos\mspace{11mu}\phi\mspace{11mu}\cos\mspace{11mu}\theta}\end{bmatrix}$where ψ is the heading of the vehicle 4001, θ is the pitch, and ϕ is theroll.

Attitude measurement with only two GPS antennas can suffers from a lackof adequate degrees of freedom to truly measure all 3 axes of rotation.Since any rotation about the axis formed between the two receivers isinvisible without external aiding, only two components of platformattitude (i.e., (a) heading and (b) either pitch or roll) can bemeasured.

In order to alleviate the missing degree of freedom, assumptions can bemade about the platform, such that it is approximately level at alltimes, or that the platform's roll (as it exists across the longestdimension of the harvester platform) is negligible. However, thisapproach eliminates any possibility of GPS-only measurement of themissing axis to aid in leveling of the harvester platform itself, anddoes not allow for measurement of potentially sloped areas (e.g.,California fields).

Error in determination of the horizontal position of the RPC (e.g.,3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-34)) is dominated by heading error,rather than pitch or roll. Some embodiments may use two GPS receivers,or a dual-antenna GPS receiver, to calculate the platform heading. Usingthe accuracy of RTK GPS coupled with a separation of several metersbetween antennas (or receivers) can reduce the heading error to lessthan a few tenths of a degree.

In order to provide visibility to the remaining aspects of the attitudeof vehicle 4001, namely pitch and roll, a low-cost Inertial MeasurementUnit (IMU) consisting of a triad of orthogonal accelerometers (“accels”)and gyroscopes (“gyros”) to measure the inertial accelerations ofvehicle 4001, allowing for a pitch and roll attitude solution to becalculated without the use of GPS data. In many embodiments, vehicle4001 can include an IMU, such as in a GPS receiver (e.g., 3215 or 3216(FIGS. 32-34)) or at another position.

By itself, an inertial measurement system using low-cost sensors can benot sensitive enough to determine the platform heading, as it can merelydetermine the offset from the initial starting point as measured by thegyros. Use of a multiple GPS (or a multi-antenna GPS) system can allowfor an absolute heading reference, which can be aided by gyromeasurements to account for a loss of GPS, if desired. The low dynamicenvironment of vehicle 4001 and the clear-sky nature of a farm combineto make this a low probability occurrence.

In order to compute the lever arm calculations using geodeticcoordinates, some intermediary calculations can be performed by theguidance control system. These calculations can be made with the sameassumptions described above. The body frame to navigation frame matrixcan be applied to the lever arm information for the RPCs (e.g., 3240,3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-34)) (e.g. lever arm for RPC in the X axis(LA_(RPC,X)), lever arm for RPC in the Y axis (LA_(PRC,Y)), and leverarm for RPC in the Z axis (LA_(RPC,Z)), with the body-X axis adjustedbased on the distance (δPos_(RPC)) of the RPC (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260,3270 (FIGS. 32-34)) from home, to form the lever arm distance offsets interms of the north, east, and downward (as with body frame, positivebeing downward) (NED) axes.

${LA}_{{RPC},{NED}} = {C_{B}^{N}\;\begin{bmatrix}{{LA}_{{RPC},X} + {\delta\;{Pos}_{RPC}}} \\{LA}_{{RPC},Y} \\{LA}_{{RPC},Z}\end{bmatrix}}$The equations for application of a lever arm to a position can bederived from equations used to calculate a change in position due to avelocity. If the assumption is made that the lever arm distances isactually a velocity over a 1 second period, the change in positionformulas can be used to compute the change in latitude (δϕ) andlongitude (δλ).

${\delta\phi} = \frac{v_{N}}{R_{M} + h}$${\delta\lambda} = \frac{v_{E}\sec\;\phi}{R_{T} + h}$where ϕ is the current latitude, h is the current elevation, v_(N) isthe velocity in the north direction, and v_(E) is the velocity in theeast direction. R_(M) is the meridional radius of curvature, and R_(T)is the transverse radius of curvature of the Earth, such that:

$R_{M} = \frac{R_{P}\left( {1 - e^{2}} \right)}{\sqrt{1 - {e^{2}\mspace{11mu}\sin^{2}\phi}}}$$R_{T} = \frac{R_{P}}{\sqrt{1 - {e^{2}\mspace{11mu}\sin^{2}\phi}}}$where R_(P) is the polar radius, R_(P)=6378137.0m, and e² is theeccentricity of the ellipsoid, e²≅0.00669438.

Once the position change due to the lever arm has been calculated, theposition change can be applied to the GPS position:ϕ_(RPC)=ϕ_(GPS)+δϕλ_(RPC)=λ_(GPS)+δλwhere ϕ_(RPU) is the latitude of the RPC, λ_(RPU) is the longitude ofthe RPC, ϕ_(GPS) is the latitude of the GPS, and λ_(GPS) is thelongitude of the GPS.

Due to the length of the berry picking season, there is a source ofpositional error that slowly grows over time due to the movement of thecontinental plates. The plates themselves move anywhere from 1 to 10 cmper year, eating into the positioning error budget. Using standard GPS,this measurement error can be lost in the noise and uncertainty presentin the system, but with RTK GPS, this error will show up as a positionbias at a later time if no compensation is used. In order to compensatefor this, the base station position can be surveyed before planting, andthen surveyed again before harvesting is to be performed. Someembodiments may apply the position difference as an offset to the storedplant locations.

In many embodiments, the guidance control system advantageously canprovide positioning accuracy for each robot within 0.5 inch (1.27 cm).In some embodiments, the positioning accuracy for each robot using theguidance control system can be more precise, such as within 0.25 in(0.635 cm), which has been measured in testing of the guidance controlsystem. In many embodiments, the guidance control system can facilitateprecision agriculture, such that each individual plant location (e.g.,for plant, growing, and/or harvesting) is tracked. In severalembodiments, precision agriculture provided by the guidance controlsystem can allow picked crops to be traced to the individual plant orlimited group of individual plants from which the crops were picked. Forexample, a package of strawberries can include an identifier that can beused to trace the strawberries picked to a group of plants (e.g., 8plants, or another suitable number of plants) at tracked locations.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 43 illustrates a top view of a plantbed 4300, showing holes punched for growing plants. As explained above,in many embodiments, the robots of vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40) or harvestingvehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34) can include hole punching robots (e.g., inharvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), the harvesting robots (e.g.,3461-3464 (FIGS. 34-35) can be replaced with hole punching robots). Forexample, each hole punching robot can be a pneumatic actuator of acylindrical shaft which can punch a hole in a plant bed, such as throughplastic on a plant bed, to create a hole in order to plant a plant(e.g., a strawberry plant or other type of plant). In many embodiments,the vehicle (e.g., vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40) or harvesting vehicle 3200(FIGS. 32-34)) can carry the hole punch robots on the RPCs (e.g., 3240,3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-24)) to punch rows of holes, such as rows ofholes 4321 and 4322. For example, row of holes 4321 can include holes4301, 4302, and 4303 in a row, and ow of holes 4322 can include holes4311, 4312, and 4313 in a row. In many embodiments, each of the holes ina row can be approximately equally spaced. As indicated previously, therow can be straight or curved.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 44 illustrates a side view ofsuspension components 4400 for adjusting a vertical position of a wheel4401 with respect to a body 4406. Suspension components 4400 are merelyexemplary, and embodiments of the suspension components are not limitedto embodiments presented herein. The suspension components can beemployed in many different embodiments or examples not specificallydepicted or described herein. In a number of embodiments, suspensioncomponents 4400 can include wheel 4401, an axle 4402, a wheel stanchion4403, a turning assembly 4404, a wheel mount 4405, body 4406, adjustmentmechanism 4407, and/or actuator 4408. Wheel 4401 can be similar oridentical to wheels 3201-3204 (FIGS. 32-34) and/or 4002-4003 (FIGS.40-43). Body 4406 can be a portion of body 3210 (FIGS. 32-34), such as aportion of arms 3213-3214 (FIGS. 32-24).

In many embodiments, wheel 4401 can be coupled to and rotate around axle4402, which can be coupled to wheel stanchion 4403. In variousembodiments, wheel stanchion 4403 can be movably coupled to wheel mount4405 by turning assembly 4404, which can allow wheel 4401 to be turnedin a different direction. In several embodiments, wheel mount 4405 canbe movably coupled to body 4406 by adjustment mechanism 4407, which canbe a slidably coupling or another suitable coupling, which can allowwheel mount 4405 to adjust vertically with respect to body 4406. Inseveral embodiments, wheel mount 4405 can be adjusted vertically up ordown with respect to body 4406 with actuator 4408. Actuator 4408 can bea hydraulic or electric actuator, for example. In several embodiments,actuator 4408 can be controlled by a suspension control system, such assuspension control system 5803 (FIG. 58, described below), which in someembodiments can be an active suspension system.

In various embodiments, the suspension control system (e.g., 5803 (FIG.58, described below)) can control the vertical position of wheel 4401with respect to body 4406. When wheel 4001 is on a surface, adjustingthe vertical position of wheel 4001 with respect to body 4406 can raiseor lower body 4406 with respect to the surface. In many embodiments, theassembly for each wheel on the vehicle (e.g., wheels 3201-3204 (FIGS.32-34) on harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIG. 32) and/or 4002-4003 (FIGS.40-43) on vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40)) can include suspension components4400. In some embodiments, suspension components can provide for a rangeof vertical adjustment of wheel 4401 with respect to body 4406. Forexample, in some embodiments, the range of vertical adjustment of wheel4401 with respect to body 4406 can be 10 inches (25.4 cm). In otherembodiments, the range of vertical adjustment can be more or less than10 inches (25.4 cm).

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 45 illustrates a perspective view ofa vehicle 4500, showing a body 4520 of vehicle 4500 in a loweredsuspension position. FIG. 46 illustrates a perspective view of vehicle4500, showing a body 4520 of vehicle 4500 in a raised suspensionposition. Vehicle 4500 is merely exemplary, and embodiments of thevehicle are not limited to embodiments presented herein. The vehicle canbe employed in many different embodiments or examples not specificallydepicted or described herein. Vehicle 4500 can be similar or identicalto vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40) and/or harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34),and various components of vehicle 4500 can be similar or identical tovehicle 4001 (FIG. 40) and/or harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34).

In many embodiments, vehicle 4500 can include a body 4520 and wheels4501-4504, which can each be part of associated suspension components4511-4514, respectively. Suspension components 4511-4514 each can besimilar or identical to suspension components 4400 (FIG. 44), and canraise and/or lower the vertical position of wheels 4501-4504,respectively, with respect to body 4520.

In many embodiments, suspension components 4511-4514 for each wheel4501-4504 can operate independently from the other suspension components(e.g., 4511-4514). In many embodiments, one or more of suspensioncomponents 4511-4514 can allow one or more of wheels 4501-4504 to bevertically adjusted with respect to the body while not adjusting otherwheels (e.g., 4501-4504). In some embodiments, suspension components4511-4514 can adjust wheels 4501-4504 at different vertical adjustmentamounts. For example, as shown in FIG. 45 vehicle 4500 can be positionedlower than vehicle 4500 in FIG. 46.

In many embodiments, vehicle 4500 can carry one or more robots, such asharvesting robots 3461-3464 (FIGS. 34-35) in harvesting vehicle 3200(FIGS. 32-34). In many embodiments, each robots can determine a heightof the robot from the plant bed (e.g., plant beds 3281-3290 (FIGS.32-34)), such as by using imaging sensors (e.g., imaging sensors1290-1291 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or images sensors 2190-2191 (FIG. 21)) onthe robots. For example, the imaging sensors can determine that a robot(not shown) on vehicle 4500 in FIG. 45 is at a height 4550 from theplant bed. Similarly, the imaging sensors can determine that a robot(not shown) on vehicle 4500 in FIG. 45 is at a height 4650 from theplant bed, such that height 4650 is greater than height 4550 (FIG. 45).In some embodiments, the height information can be determined by therobot based on the imaging sensors determining the distance from theimaging sensors to the crops to be picked. In other embodiments, theheight information can be determined by the robot based on the distancefrom the imaging sensors to the plant bed.

In many embodiments, more than one robot attached to vehicle 4500 canprovide height information to the suspension control system (FIG. 58,described below)). For example, in some embodiments, each robot canprovide height information to the suspension control system (FIG. 58,described below)). In many embodiments, the suspension control system(FIG. 58, described below)) can receive the height information from therobots and determine how to control the adjustment of the verticalposition of one or more of wheels 4501-4504. In a number of embodiments,the adjustment of one or more wheels (e.g., 4501-4504) can be based onthe height information of one or more robots close to the one or morewheels (e.g., 4501-4504). In other embodiments, the adjustment of one ormore wheels (e.g., 4501-4504) can be based on an average of heightinformation from all of the robots. In other embodiments, the adjustmentof each wheel (e.g., 4501-4504) can be the same for each wheel (e.g.,4501-4504) based on the height information received from one or morerobots.

In some embodiments, the height information can be received from therobots regularly, such as on a cycle, and the suspension control system(FIG. 58, described below)) can provide adjustment control for the oneor more wheels (e.g., 4501-4504) regularly based on updated informationreceived each cycle and/or over a period of cycles. For example, theheight information can be sent from the robots to the suspension controlsystem (FIG. 58, described below)) on a 1 Hz cycle, a 2 Hz cycle, a 4 Hzcycle, or another suitable cycle.

In a number of embodiments, vehicle 4500 (FIG. 45) can operate in anopen field subject to weather. The fields can be leveled and setupinitially to relatively tight specifications upon initiation, but due tothis weather exposure, various areas of the field can be subject tosettling or washout due to water and/or wind erosion. To deal with thisissue and keep the robots within preferred inspection distances forpicking speed considerations, vehicle 4500 can be equipped in severalembodiments with the suspension control system (FIG. 58, describedbelow)) to maintain a level of vehicle 4500, row orientation, and/orproper height above the plant beds for the robots.

In many embodiments, the adjustment of the vertical position of one ormore wheels (e.g., 4501-4504), as controlled by the suspension controlsystem (FIG. 58, described below)), can beneficially keep the robotsfrom crashing into the plant beds as they are carried by vehicle 4500,for example. For example, if a wheel (e.g., 4501-4504) of vehicle 4500start to dip into a washed out area, the suspension control system (FIG.58, described below)) can detect the lowering of the height informationfrom one or more of the robots, and can adjust at least the wheel (e.g.,4501-4504) to compensate and level body 4520 and/or keep the robots adistance from the plant beds.

In some embodiments, for example, a bottom most part of each of thepicking system, excluding the gripper in the picking position that isbeing lowered to pick the crop, can be kept at a distance above theplant bed. For example, the distance can be 2.0 inches (5.08 cm) to 5.0inches (12.7 cm). In other embodiments, the distance can be anothersuitable distance. In a number of embodiments, the suspension controlsystem (FIG. 58, described below)) can keep the bottommost part of therobot from the plant bed when the robot is moving with respect from theplant bed and/or when the robot is being held stationary with respect tothe plant bed by the RPC (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIG. 32)).

Strawberry plants can benefit from trimming off the dead, older growththat gets pushed out from the center of the plant as new growth appears.This trimming can prevent diseases caused by the rotting ofolder-organic debris. Typically, the resources available to do thistrimming by hand are not available on farms due to the labor-intensiveprocess. One of the issues with trimming the plants is that, if diseasesare present on one plant, the disease can spread to adjacent plants byusing common trimming utensils.

In some embodiments, a robot, such as harvesting robots 100 (FIG. 1)and/or 2000 (FIG. 20), and/or leaf displacement system 2800 (FIGS.28-31), can include a cauterizing cutting hot wire or mechanical sicklebar that can slice off the outside older growth as the robot circles theplant or the leaf displacement system captures and holds the foliage(e.g., 1512, as shown in FIG. 20). The razor action and heating of thewire moving across the old outer growth can slice off the vines, whichcan trim the plant back to the newer inner growth. The older growth canthen fall away from the plant after being mechanically stimulated by therobot and/or environmental factors, such as wind or rain. The hot wirecan beneficially sterilize the wire so that, if diseases are present onthe trimmed growth, they will not be passed to plants trimmed downstreamof the diseased plant.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 47 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 4700. Method 4700 can be a method of selectively harvestingcrops. Method 4700 is merely exemplary and is not limited to theembodiments presented herein. Method 4700 can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In some embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 4700 can be performed in the order presented. Inother embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or the activitiesof method 4700 can be performed in any suitable order. In still otherembodiments, one or more of the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 4700 can be combined or skipped. In someembodiments, method 4700 can be performed by a harvesting robot (e.g.,100 (FIG. 1), 2000 (FIGS. 20-21)) and/or a picking apparatus (e.g., 110(FIG. 1), 2010 (FIG. 20)).

Referring to FIG. 47, method 4700 can include a block 4701 of picking,at a first time, a first individual crop of crops of plants using apicking apparatus. The picking apparatus can be similar or identical topicking apparatus 110 (FIG. 1) and/or picking apparatus 2010 (FIGS.20-21). The first individual crop can be similar or identical to one ofcrops 1511 (FIG. 15). The plants can be similar or identical to plant1510 (FIG. 15). In some embodiments, the plants can be strawberry plantsand each of the crops can be a strawberry. In other embodiments, each ofthe plants can be another suitable type of plant, such as a tomatoplant, a pepper plant, etc., and each of the crops can be anothersuitable type of crop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc. In manyembodiments, the picking apparatus can include a plurality of gripperseach spaced apart and extending radially from a central axis of thepicking apparatus. The central axis can be similar or identical tocentral axis 311 (FIG. 3). The grippers can be similar or identical togrippers 312-315 (FIG. 3), grippers 2011-2015 (FIG. 20) and/or gripper2116 (FIG. 21). In various embodiments, each gripper can be configuredto pick a different individual crop of the crops of the plants.

In a number of embodiments, method 4700 also can include a block 4702 ofpicking a second individual crop of the crops to start a second timeperiod, the second time period starting after the first time.

In several embodiments, method 4700 additionally can include a block4703 of offloading the first individual crop during the second timeperiod.

In a number of embodiments, method 4700 further can include a block 4704of picking a third individual crop of the crops to end the second timeperiod. In many embodiments, the picking apparatus can hold the secondand third individual crops at the end of the second time period. In anumber of embodiments, the first, second, and third individual crops canbe picked from a first plant of the plants.

In a several embodiments, method 4700 optionally can include a block4705 of picking a fourth individual crop of the crops after the firsttime and before the second time period begins. In several embodiments,the picking apparatus can be holding the second, third, and fourthindividual crops at the end of the second time period.

In a number of embodiments, method 4700 optionally can include a block4706 of receiving information at a processing unit of a system from oneor more imaging sensors. The system can be similar or identical toharvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1) and/or harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 2000).The processing unit can be similar or identical to processing unit 1273(FIGS. 12-13), processing unit 2173 (FIG. 21), control unit 1272,control unit 2072 (FIGS. 20-21), and/or harvester processing system 5800(FIG. 58, described below). The imaging sensors can be similar oridentical to imaging sensors 1290-1291 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or imagessensors 2190-2191 (FIG. 21).

In many embodiments, the system can include the picking apparatus, acarriage assembly, a carrier assembly, the one or more imaging sensors,and the processing unit. The carriage assembly can be similar oridentical to carriage assembly 140 (FIG. 1) and/or carriage assembly2040 (FIG. 20). The carrier assembly can be similar or identical tocarrier assembly 170 (FIG. 1) and/or carrier assembly 1070 (FIG. 20). Insome embodiments, the carriage assembly can include a first rotationalmechanism. In many embodiments, the first rotational mechanism can besimilar or identical to rotational shaft 655 (FIGS. 6-7), motor 654(FIGS. 6-8), gear 854 (FIG. 8), gear 855 (FIG. 8), and/or rotationalshaft 2146 (FIG. 21). In some embodiments, the carrier assembly caninclude a second rotational mechanism. The second rotational mechanismcan be similar or identical to mounting bearing 1274 (FIGS. 12-13),and/or mounting bearing 2074 (FIG. 20). In a number of embodiments, thecarriage assembly can be coupled to the carrier assembly. In severalembodiments, the picking apparatus can be coupled to the firstrotational mechanism.

In a number of embodiments, the system further comprises a stemseparation bar. The stem separation bar can be similar or identical tostem separation bar 2043 (FIGS. 20-27). In many embodiments, the stemseparation bar can be configured to provide tension on a stem of thedifferent individual crop when each of the plurality of grippers picksthe different individual crop. The stem can be similar or identical tostem 2019 (FIG. 20).

In a several embodiments, method 4700 additionally can include a block4707 of determining at the processing unit a location of the crops to beharvested.

In a number of embodiments, method 4700 further can include a block 4708of rotating the carrier assembly and the carriage assembly around thesecond rotational mechanism such that the picking apparatus is rotatedaround a single plant of the plants when the second rotational mechanismis centered above the single plant.

In a several embodiments, method 4700 additionally can include a block4709 of rotating the picking apparatus around the central axis of thepicking apparatus using the first rotational mechanism of the carriageassembly. In some embodiments, rotating the picking apparatus around thecentral axis can include moving the plurality of grippers in arotational path centered with respect to the central axis of the pickingapparatus.

In a number of embodiments, method 4700 optionally can include a block4710 of opening each of the plurality of grippers to an open position topick the different individual crop when the gripper is located at afirst gripper position of the rotational path. In several embodiments,the first gripper position can be located at a bottom of the rotationalpath. The open position can be similar or identical to the position ofgripper 312 in FIG. 4, gripper 2012 in FIGS. 20, 22-23, and/or gripper2015 in FIGS. 26-27. The first gripper position can be similar oridentical to the position of gripper 2012 in FIGS. 20-27. In otherembodiments, the first gripper position can be at a different position,as described above.

In a several embodiments, method 4700 additionally can include a block4711 of opening each of the plurality of grippers to the open positionto offload the different individual crop when the gripper is located ata second gripper position of the rotational path. The second gripperposition can be similar or identical to the position of gripper 2015 inFIGS. 20, 22-27. In other embodiments, the second gripper position canbe at a different position, as described above. In many embodiments,each of the plurality of grippers can be spring-closed.

In some embodiments, the system further can include one or moreactuators configured to open each of the plurality of grippers when thegripper is located at the first and second gripper positions of therotational path. The actuators can be similar or identical to actuators2210 and/or 2220 (FIGS. 22-27). In several embodiments, a first actuatorof the one or more actuators can be configured to open each of theplurality of grippers when the gripper is located at the first gripperposition of the rotational path. The first actuator can be similar oridentical to actuator 2210 (FIGS. 22-27). In many embodiments, the firstactuator can be further configured to vary an opening width of thegripper located at the first gripper position based on a size of theindividual crop to be picked by the gripper.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 48 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 4800. Method 4800 can be a method of providing a system forselectively harvesting crops. Method 4800 is merely exemplary and is notlimited to the embodiments presented herein. Method 4800 can be employedin many different embodiments or examples not specifically depicted ordescribed herein. In some embodiments, the procedures, the processes,and/or the activities of method 4800 can be performed in the orderpresented. In other embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/orthe activities of method 4800 can be performed in any suitable order. Instill other embodiments, one or more of the procedures, the processes,and/or the activities of method 4800 can be combined or skipped.

Referring to FIG. 48, method 4800 can include a block 4801 of providinga picking apparatus. The picking apparatus can be similar or identicalto picking apparatus 110 (FIG. 1) and/or picking apparatus 2010 (FIGS.20-21).

In a number of embodiments, block 4801 can include a block 4802 ofproviding a plurality of grippers. The grippers can be similar oridentical to grippers 312-315 (FIG. 3), grippers 2011-2015 (FIG. 20)and/or gripper 2116 (FIG. 21). In some embodiments, the plurality ofgrippers each can be configured to pick a different individual crop ofcrops of plants. Each different individual crop can be similar oridentical to one of crops 1511 (FIG. 15). The plants can be similar oridentical to plant 1510 (FIG. 15). In some embodiments, the plants canbe strawberry plants and each of the crops can be a strawberry. In otherembodiments, each of the plants can be another suitable type of plant,such as a tomato plant, a pepper plant, etc., and each of the crops canbe another suitable type of crop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc. Insome embodiments, the picking apparatus can be configured to use a firstone of the plurality of grippers to pick a first individual crop of thecrops at a first time.

In several embodiments, block 4801 additionally can include a block 4803of attaching the plurality of grippers to the picking apparatus suchthat the plurality of grippers are each spaced apart and extend radiallyfrom a central axis. The central axis can be similar or identical tocentral axis 311 (FIG. 3). In many embodiments, during a second timeperiod that starts with a second one of the plurality of gripperspicking a second individual crop of the crops and ends with a third oneof the plurality of grippers picking a third individual crop of thecrops, the picking apparatus can be configured to offload the firstindividual crop from the first one of the plurality of grippers. In manyembodiments, the second time period can starts after the first time.

In a number of embodiments, the second and third ones of the pluralityof grippers can be configured to hold the second and third individualcrops, respectively, at the end of the second time period. In severalembodiments, the picking apparatus is configured to pick the first,second, and third individual crops from a first plant of the plants. Inmany embodiments, a fourth one of the plurality of grippers can beconfigured to pick a fourth individual crop of the crops after the firsttime and before the second time period begins. In several embodiments,the second, third, and fourth ones of the plurality of grippers can beconfigured to hold the second, third, and fourth individual crops,respectively, at the end of the second time period.

In many embodiments, the picking apparatus can be configured to move theplurality of grippers in a rotational path centered with respect to thecentral axis of the picking apparatus. In various embodiments, each ofthe plurality of grippers can be configured to be opened to an openposition to pick the different individual crop when the gripper islocated at a first gripper position of the rotational path. In someembodiments, the first gripper position can be located at a bottom ofthe rotational path. The first gripper position can be similar oridentical to the position of gripper 2012 in FIGS. 20-27. In otherembodiments, the first gripper position can be at a different position,as described above. The open position can be similar or identical to theposition of gripper 312 in FIG. 4, gripper 2012 in FIGS. 20, 22-23,and/or gripper 2015 in FIGS. 26-27.

In many embodiments, each of the plurality of grippers can be configuredto be opened to the open position to offload the different individualcrop when the gripper is located at a second gripper position of therotational path. The second gripper position can be similar or identicalto the position of gripper 2015 in FIGS. 20, 22-27. In otherembodiments, the second gripper position can be at a different position,as described above. In many embodiments, each of the plurality ofgrippers can be spring-closed.

In a number of embodiments, method 4800 optionally can include a block4804 of providing a carriage assembly comprising a first rotationalmechanism. The carriage assembly can be similar or identical to carriageassembly 140 (FIG. 1) and/or carriage assembly 2040 (FIG. 20). In manyembodiments, the first rotational mechanism can be similar or identicalto rotational shaft 655 (FIGS. 6-7), motor 654 (FIGS. 6-8), gear 854(FIG. 8), gear 855 (FIG. 8), and/or rotational shaft 2146 (FIG. 21). Insome embodiments, the picking apparatus can be configured to be coupledto the first rotational mechanism. In many embodiments, the firstrotational mechanism can be configured to rotate the picking apparatusaround the central axis.

In a several embodiments, method 4800 additionally can include a block4805 of providing a carrier assembly comprising a second rotationalmechanism. The carrier assembly can be similar or identical to carrierassembly 170 (FIG. 1) and/or carrier assembly 1070 (FIG. 20). The secondrotational mechanism can be similar or identical to mounting bearing1274 (FIGS. 12-13), and/or mounting bearing 2074 (FIG. 20). In someembodiments, the carriage assembly can be coupled to the carrierassembly. In a number of embodiments, the second rotational mechanismcan be configured to rotate the carrier assembly and the carriageassembly around the second rotational mechanism such that the pickingapparatus is rotated around a single plant of the plants when the secondrotational mechanism is centered above the single plant.

In a number of embodiments, method 4800 further can include a block 4806of providing one or more imaging sensors. The imaging sensors can besimilar or identical to imaging sensors 1290-1291 (FIGS. 12-13) and/orimages sensors 2190-2191 (FIG. 21).

In a several embodiments, method 4800 additionally can include a block4807 of providing a processing unit. The processing unit can be similaror identical to processing unit 1273 (FIGS. 12-13), processing unit 2173(FIG. 21), control unit 1272, control unit 2072 (FIGS. 20-21), and/orharvester processing system 5800 (FIG. 58, described below). In someembodiments, the system can include the carriage, the carrier, the oneor more imaging sensors, the processing unit, and the picking apparatus.In several embodiments, the processing unit can be configured to receiveinformation from the one or more imaging sensors to determine a locationof the crops to be harvested. In several embodiments, each of theplurality of grippers can be spring-closed

In a number of embodiments, method 4800 optionally can include a block4808 of providing one or more actuators. The actuators can be similar oridentical to actuators 2210 and/or 2220 (FIGS. 22-27). In someembodiments, the system further can include the one or more actuators.In a number of embodiments, the one or more actuators can be configuredto open each of the plurality of grippers when the gripper is located atthe first and second gripper positions of the rotational path. In someembodiments, a first actuator of the one or more actuators is configuredto open each of the plurality of grippers when the gripper is located atthe first gripper position of the rotational path. The first actuatorcan be similar or identical to actuator 2210 (FIGS. 22-27). In manyembodiments, the first actuator can be further configured to vary anopening width of the gripper located at the first gripper position basedon a size of the individual crop to be picked by the gripper.

In a several embodiments, method 4800 optionally can include a block4809 of providing a stem separation bar. The stem separation bar can besimilar or identical to stem separation bar 2043 (FIGS. 20-27). In someembodiments, the system further can include the stem separation bar. Inmany embodiments, the stem separation bar can be configured to providetension on a stem of the different individual crop when each of theplurality of grippers picks the different individual crop. The stem canbe similar or identical to stem 2019 (FIG. 20).

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 49 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 4900. Method 4900 can be a method of holding foliage. Method 4900is merely exemplary and is not limited to the embodiments presentedherein. Method 4900 can be employed in many different embodiments orexamples not specifically depicted or described herein. In someembodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or the activities ofmethod 4900 can be performed in the order presented. In otherembodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or the activities ofmethod 4900 can be performed in any suitable order. In still otherembodiments, one or more of the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 4900 can be combined or skipped. In someembodiments, method 4900 can be performed by a foliage displacementsystem (e.g., leaf displacement system 2800 (FIGS. 28-31)).

Referring to FIG. 49, method 4900 can include a block 4901 of movingfoliage of a plant toward a center of the plant using two or moresurfaces of a foliage displacement system such that crops of the plantthat underlie the foliage are exposed when the foliage displacementsystem moves from an open configuration of the foliage displacementsystem to a closed configuration of the foliage displacement system. Thefoliage displacement system can be similar or identical to leafdisplacement system 2800 (FIG. 28-31). The foliage can be similar oridentical to foliage 1512 (FIGS. 15, 20, 28-29). The crops can besimilar or identical to crops 1511 (FIGS. 15, 20, 28-31). The plant canbe similar or identical to plant 1510 (FIG. 15). In some embodiments,the plant can be a strawberry plant and each of the crops can be astrawberry. In other embodiments, the plant can be another suitable typeof plant, such as a tomato plant, a pepper plant, etc., and the cropscan be another suitable type of crop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc.The two or more surfaces can be similar or identical to first assemblybase surface 2851 (FIG. 28), first assembly first wing surface 2852(FIG. 28), first assembly second wing surface 2853 (FIG. 28), firstassembly first plate surface 2874 (FIG. 28), first assembly second platesurface 2855 (FIG. 28), second assembly base surface 2871 (FIG. 28),second assembly first wing surface 2872 (FIG. 28), and/or secondassembly second wing surface 2873 (FIG. 28). The open configuration canbe similar or identical to the configuration of leaf displacement system2800 shown in FIG. 28. The closed configuration can be similar oridentical to the configuration of leaf displacement system 2800 shown inFIG. 31.

In many embodiments, the foliage displacement system can include asupport structure and the two or more surfaces. The support structurecan be similar or identical to support structure 2810 (FIG. 28). Invarious embodiments, the two or more surfaces can be movably coupled tothe support structure and configured to move between the openconfiguration to the closed configuration.

In a number of embodiments, method 4900 also can include a block 4902 ofholding in a stationary manner the foliage of the plant using the two ormore surfaces when the foliage displacement system is in the closedconfiguration to keep the crops of the plant exposed, such as shown inFIG. 31, for example In some embodiments, holding in the stationarymanner the foliage of the plant using the two or more surfaces caninclude holding in a stationary manner the foliage of the plant within afirst circumference approximately centered at the center of the plantwhen the foliage displacement system is in the closed configuration. Insome embodiments, the first circumference can be no more than 15.24 cm.In other embodiments, the first circumference can be another suitablecircumference, such as described above.

In several embodiments, the foliage displacement system further caninclude a first surface assembly and a second surface assembly movablycoupled to the support structure. The first surface assembly can besimilar or identical to first assembly 2850 (FIGS. 28-31). The secondsurface assembly can be similar or identical to second assembly 2870(FIGS. 28-31). In several embodiments, the foliage displacement systemcan be configured in the open configuration to dispose the first surfaceassembly on a first side of the plant and dispose the second surfaceassembly on a second side of the plant opposite the first side of theplant, such as shown in FIG. 28. In a number of embodiments, the firstsurface assembly and the surface second assembly each can be slidablycoupled to the support structure.

In many embodiments, the first surface assembly can include at least afirst surface of the two or more surfaces. For example, the firstsurface can be similar or identical to first assembly base surface 2851(FIG. 28). In many embodiments, the second surface assembly can includeat least a second surface of the two or more surfaces. For example, thesecond surface can be similar or identical to second assembly basesurface 2871 (FIG. 28), second assembly first wing surface 2872 (FIG.28), and/or second assembly second wing surface 2873 (FIG. 28).

In some embodiments, the first surface assembly can include two or morefirst assembly surfaces movable with respect to each other. The two ormore first assembly surfaces can be similar or identical to firstassembly base surface 2851 (FIG. 28), first assembly first wing surface2852 (FIG. 28), first assembly second wing surface 2853 (FIG. 28). Invarious embodiments, the second surface assembly can include two or moresecond assembly surfaces movable with respect to each other. In someembodiments, the two or more second assembly surface can be similar oridentical to second assembly base surface 2871 (FIG. 28), secondassembly first wing surface 2872 (FIG. 28), and/or second assemblysecond wing surface 2873 (FIG. 28). In several embodiments, the two ormore first assembly surfaces and the two or more second assemblysurfaces can be configured to comprise a cylindrical shell in the closedconfiguration. The cylindrical shell can be similar or identical to thecylindrical shell formed by first assembly base surface 2851 (FIG. 28),first assembly first wing surface 2852 (FIG. 28), first assembly secondwing surface 2853 (FIG. 28), second assembly base surface 2871 (FIG.28), second assembly first wing surface 2872 (FIG. 28), and secondassembly second wing surface 2873 (FIG. 28) in the closed configurationas shown in FIG. 31.

In various embodiments, the first surface assembly further can include athird surface of the two or more surfaces. The third surface can besimilar or identical to first assembly second plate surface 2855 (FIG.28). In some embodiments, the first surface of the two or more surfacesand the third surface of the two or more surfaces can be movable withrespect to each other. In a number of embodiments, the foliagedisplacement system can be configured in the closed configuration toenclose the first surface of the two or more surfaces and the thirdsurface of the two or more surfaces within the cylindrical shell of thetwo or more first assembly surfaces and the two or more second assemblysurfaces.

In many embodiments, the foliage displacement system can be configuredto keep a bottommost part of each of the two or more surfaces a firstdistance from a bed of the plant when the foliage displacement systemmoves from the open configuration to the closed configuration. In someembodiments, the first distance can be approximately 5.08 cm toapproximately 10.16 cm. In other embodiments, the first distance can bea different suitable distances, such as described above.

In several embodiments, method 4900 optionally can include a block 4903of rotating a picking system around the plant to detect and pick atleast some of the crops of the plant that are exposed when the foliagedisplacement system is holding the foliage in the closed configuration.The picking system can be similar or identical to harvesting robot 100(FIG. 1) and/or harvesting robot 2000 (FIGS. 20-21)). In severalembodiments, the foliage displacement system does not rotate with thepicking system.

Proceeding to the next drawing, FIG. 50 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 5000. Method 5000 can be a method of providing a system forfoliage holding. Method 5000 is merely exemplary and is not limited tothe embodiments presented herein. Method 5000 can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In some embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5000 can be performed in the order presented. Inother embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or the activitiesof method 5000 can be performed in any suitable order. In still otherembodiments, one or more of the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5000 can be combined or skipped.

Referring to FIG. 50, method 5000 can include a block 5001 of providinga foliage displacement system. The foliage displacement system can besimilar or identical to leaf displacement system 2800 (FIGS. 28-31).

In a number of embodiments, block 5001 can include a block 5002 ofproviding a support structure. The support structure can be similar oridentical to support structure 2810 (FIG. 28).

In several embodiments, block 5001 additionally can include a block 5003of providing two or more surfaces. The two or more surfaces can besimilar or identical to first assembly base surface 2851 (FIG. 28),first assembly first wing surface 2852 (FIG. 28), first assembly secondwing surface 2853 (FIG. 28), first assembly first plate surface 2874(FIG. 28), first assembly second plate surface 2855 (FIG. 28), secondassembly base surface 2871 (FIG. 28), second assembly first wing surface2872 (FIG. 28), and/or second assembly second wing surface 2873 (FIG.28).

In a number of embodiments, block 5001 further can include a block 5004of movably coupling the two or more surfaces to the support structure,such that the two or more surfaces are configured to move between anopen configuration of the foliage displacement system and a closedconfiguration of the foliage displacement system. The open configurationcan be similar or identical to the configuration of leaf displacementsystem 2800 shown in FIG. 28. The closed configuration can be similar oridentical to the configuration of leaf displacement system 2800 shown inFIG. 31.

In some embodiments, the two or more surfaces can be configured to movefoliage of a plant toward a center of the plant such that crops of theplant that underlie the foliage are exposed when the foliagedisplacement system moves from the open configuration to the closedconfiguration. The foliage can be similar or identical to foliage 1512(FIGS. 15, 20, 28-29). The crops can be similar or identical to crops1511 (FIGS. 15, 20, 28-31). The plant can be similar or identical toplant 1510 (FIG. 15). In some embodiments, the plant can be a strawberryplant and each of the crops can be a strawberry. In other embodiments,the plant can be another suitable type of plant, such as a tomato plant,a pepper plant, etc., and the crops can be another suitable type ofcrop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc.

In some embodiments, the two or more surfaces can be configured to holdin a stationary manner the foliage of the plant within a firstcircumference approximately centered at the center of the plant when thefoliage displacement system is in the closed configuration. In someembodiments, the first circumference can be no more than 15.24 cm. Inother embodiments, the first circumference can be another suitablecircumference, such as described above.

In many embodiments, the foliage displacement system can be configuredto keep a bottommost part of each of the two or more surfaces a firstdistance from a bed of the plant when the foliage displacement systemmoves from the open configuration to the closed configuration. In someembodiments, the first distance can be approximately 5.08 cm toapproximately 10.16 cm. In other embodiments, the first distance can bea different suitable distances, such as described above.

In a several embodiments, block 5001 additionally can include a block5005 of providing a first surface assembly movably coupled to thesupport structure. The first surface assembly can be similar oridentical to first assembly 2850 (FIGS. 28-31). In some embodiments, thefirst surface assembly can include at least a first surface of the twoor more surface. For example, the first surface can be similar oridentical to first assembly base surface 2851 (FIG. 28).

In a number of embodiments, block 5001 further can include a block 5006of providing a second surface assembly movably coupled to the supportstructure. The second surface assembly can be similar or identical tosecond assembly 2870 (FIGS. 28-31). The second surface assembly caninclude at least a second surface of the two or more surfaces. Forexample, the second surface can be similar or identical to secondassembly base surface 2871 (FIG. 28), second assembly first wing surface2872 (FIG. 28), and/or second assembly second wing surface 2873 (FIG.28).

In many embodiments, the foliage displacement system can be configuredin the open configuration to dispose the first surface assembly on afirst side of the plant and dispose the second surface assembly on asecond side of the plant opposite the first side of the plant, such asshown in FIG. 28. In various embodiments, the first surface assembly andthe second surface assembly each can be slidably coupled to the supportstructure.

In some embodiments, the first surface assembly can include two or morefirst assembly surfaces movable with respect to each other. The two ormore first assembly surfaces can be similar or identical to firstassembly base surface 2851 (FIG. 28), first assembly first wing surface2852 (FIG. 28), first assembly second wing surface 2853 (FIG. 28). Invarious embodiments, the second surface assembly can include two or moresecond assembly surfaces movable with respect to each other. In someembodiments, the two or more second assembly surface can be similar oridentical to second assembly base surface 2871 (FIG. 28), secondassembly first wing surface 2872 (FIG. 28), and/or second assemblysecond wing surface 2873 (FIG. 28). In several embodiments, the two ormore first assembly surfaces and the two or more second assemblysurfaces can be configured to comprise a cylindrical shell in the closedconfiguration. The cylindrical shell can be similar or identical to thecylindrical shell formed by first assembly base surface 2851 (FIG. 28),first assembly first wing surface 2852 (FIG. 28), first assembly secondwing surface 2853 (FIG. 28), second assembly base surface 2871 (FIG.28), second assembly first wing surface 2872 (FIG. 28), and secondassembly second wing surface 2873 (FIG. 28) in the closed configurationas shown in FIG. 31.

In various embodiments, the first surface assembly further can include athird surface of the two or more surfaces. The third surface can besimilar or identical to first assembly second plate surface 2855 (FIG.28). In some embodiments, the first surface of the two or more surfacesand the third surface of the two or more surfaces can be movable withrespect to each other. In a number of embodiments, the foliagedisplacement system can be configured in the closed configuration toenclose the first surface of the two or more surfaces and the thirdsurface of the two or more surfaces within the cylindrical shell of thetwo or more first assembly surfaces and the two or more second assemblysurfaces.

In a several embodiments, method 5000 optionally can include a block5007 of providing a picking system configured to rotate around the plantto detect and pick at least some of the crops of the plant that areexposed when the foliage displacement system is holding the foliage inthe closed configuration. The picking system can be similar or identicalto harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1) and/or harvesting robot 2000 (FIGS.20-21)). In several embodiments, the foliage displacement system doesnot rotate with the picking system.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 51 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 5100. Method 5100 can be a method of facilitating a suspensionsystem for a vehicle. Method 5100 is merely exemplary and is not limitedto the embodiments presented herein. Method 5100 can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In some embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5100 can be performed in the order presented. Inother embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or the activitiesof method 5100 can be performed in any suitable order. In still otherembodiments, one or more of the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5100 can be combined or skipped. In someembodiments, method 5100 can be performed by harvesting vehicle 3200(FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/or vehicle 4500 (FIGS.45-46), such as by various components of suspension components 4400(FIG. 44) and/or suspension control system 5803 (FIG. 58, describedbelow).

Referring to FIG. 51, method 5100 can include a block 5101 of receivingdistance measurement data provided from a plurality of picking systemscarried by a harvesting vehicle over plants growing in one or more plantbeds to harvest crops of the plants. The picking systems can be similaror identical to harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1) and/or harvesting robot2000 (FIGS. 20-21)). The crops can be similar or identical to crops 1511(FIGS. 15, 20, 28-31). The plants can be similar or identical to plant1510 (FIG. 15). In some embodiments, the plants can be strawberry plantsand each of the crops can be a strawberry. In other embodiments, theplants can be another suitable type of plants, such as a tomato plant, apepper plant, etc., and the crops can be another suitable type of crop,such as a tomato, a pepper, etc. The plant beds can be similar oridentical to plant beds 1501 (FIG. 15-16, 20, 28-31), 3281-3290 (FIGS.32-34), 3801 (FIGS. 38-39), 4021-4032 (FIG. 40), and/or 4300 (FIG. 43).

In several embodiments, each picking system can include an imagingsystem and can be configured to determine a height of the picking systemover one of the one or more plant beds as the picking system is carriedover the plants. The height can be similar or identical to heights 4550(FIG. 45) or 4650 (FIG. 46). The imaging system can be similar oridentical to imaging sensors imaging sensors 1290-1291 (FIGS. 12-13),imaging sensors 2190-2191 (FIG. 21) and/or imaging system 5701 (FIG. 57,described below). In some embodiments, the distance measurement data canbe based on the height.

In various embodiments, the harvesting vehicle can include (a) a bodyincluding the plurality of picking systems and (b) a plurality of wheelseach having a vertical position with respect to the body. The body canbe similar or identical to body 3210 (FIGS. 32-34), body 4406 (FIG. 44),and/or body 4520 (FIGS. 45-46). The wheels can be similar or identicalto wheels 3203-3204 (FIGS. 32-34), wheels 4002-4003 (FIG. 40-42), wheel4401 (FIG. 44), and/or wheels 4501-4504 (FIGS. 45-46). In manyembodiments, each of the plurality of wheels can be slidably coupled tothe body, such as with adjustment mechanism 4407 (FIG. 44).

In some embodiments, the height of the picking system over the one ofthe one or more plant beds can be determined based on a distance betweenthe imaging system of the picking system and one or more of the crops ofthe plants in the one of the one or more plant beds. In manyembodiments, each picking system can provide the distance measurementdata at least twice per second. In other embodiments, the distancemeasurement data can be provided at another suitable rate, as describedabove.

In a number of embodiments, method 5100 also can include a block 5102 ofdetermining adjustment information for an adjustment of the verticalposition of one or more of the plurality of wheels with respect to thebody based at least in part on the distance measurement data provided byat least one of the plurality of picking systems. In many embodiments,the harvesting vehicle further can include a plurality of suspensionactuators each corresponding to a different wheel of the plurality ofwheels and each configured to adjust the vertical position of thecorresponding wheel of the plurality of wheels independent ofadjustments to other wheels of the plurality of wheels by others of theplurality of suspension actuators. The suspension actuators can besimilar or identical to actuator 4408 (FIG. 44). In many embodiments,block 5102 of determining the adjustment information further can includedetermining the adjustment information at least in part based on thedistance measurement data provided by all of the plurality of pickingsystems. In the same or other embodiments, block 5102 of determining theadjustment information further can include determining the adjustmentinformation at least in part based on an average of the distancemeasurement data provided by all of the plurality of picking systems.

In several embodiments, method 5100 additionally can include a block5103 of controlling the adjustment of the vertical position of the oneor more of the plurality of wheels with respect to the body based on theadjustment information. In a number of embodiments, block 5103 ofcontrolling the adjustment of the vertical position of the one or moreof the plurality of wheels can include controlling the adjustment of thevertical position of the one or more of the plurality of wheels suchthat a bottommost part of each of the plurality of picking systems canbe kept at a first distance above a bed of the one or more plant bedswhen the picking system is being carried over the bed. In someembodiments, the first distance can be approximately 5.08 cm toapproximately 12.7 cm. In other embodiments, the first distance can beanother suitable distance or another suitable range of distances.

Proceeding to the next drawing, FIG. 52 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 5200. Method 5200 can be a method of providing a harvestingvehicle with a suspension system. Method 5200 is merely exemplary and isnot limited to the embodiments presented herein. Method 5200 can beemployed in many different embodiments or examples not specificallydepicted or described herein. In some embodiments, the procedures, theprocesses, and/or the activities of method 5200 can be performed in theorder presented. In other embodiments, the procedures, the processes,and/or the activities of method 5200 can be performed in any suitableorder. In still other embodiments, one or more of the procedures, theprocesses, and/or the activities of method 5200 can be combined orskipped. In some embodiments, the harvesting vehicle can be similar oridentical to harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG.40-42), and/or vehicle 4500 (FIGS. 45-46).

Referring to FIG. 52, method 5200 can include a block 5201 of providinga body comprising a plurality of picking systems configured to becarried over plants growing in one or more plant beds to harvest cropsof the plants, each picking system comprising an imaging system andconfigured to (a) determine a height of the picking system over one ofthe one or more plant beds as the picking system is carried over theplants and (b) provide distance measurement data based on the height.The body can be similar or identical to body 3210 (FIGS. 32-34), body4406 (FIG. 44), and/or body 4520 (FIGS. 45-46). The picking systems canbe similar or identical to harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1) and/orharvesting robot 2000 (FIGS. 20-21)). The crops can be similar oridentical to crops 1511 (FIGS. 15, 20, 28-31). The plants can be similaror identical to plant 1510 (FIG. 15). In some embodiments, the plantscan be strawberry plants and each of the crops can be a strawberry. Inother embodiments, the plants can be another suitable type of plants,such as a tomato plant, a pepper plant, etc., and the crops can beanother suitable type of crop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc. Theplant beds can be similar or identical to plant beds 1501 (FIG. 15-16,20, 28-31), 3281-3290 (FIGS. 32-34), 3801 (FIGS. 38-39), 4021-4032 (FIG.40), and/or 4300 (FIG. 43).

In several embodiments, each picking system can provide the distancemeasurement data at least twice per second. In other embodiments, thedistance measurement data can be provided at another suitable rate, asdescribed above. In some embodiments, the height of the picking systemover one of the one or more plant beds can be determined based on adistance between the imaging system of the picking system and one ormore of the crops of the plants in the one of the one or more plantbeds. The height can be similar or identical to heights 4550 (FIG. 45)or 4650 (FIG. 46).

In a number of embodiments, method 5200 also can include a block 5202 ofproviding a plurality of wheels each having a vertical position withrespect to the body. The wheels can be similar or identical to wheels3203-3204 (FIGS. 32-34), wheels 4002-4003 (FIG. 40-42), wheel 4401 (FIG.44), and/or wheels 4501-4504 (FIGS. 45-46). In many embodiments, each ofthe plurality of wheels can be slidably coupled to the body, such aswith adjustment mechanism 4407 (FIG. 44).

In some embodiments, the suspension control system can be furtherconfigured to control the adjustment of the vertical position of the oneor more of the plurality of wheels such that a bottommost part of eachof the plurality of picking systems can be kept at a first distanceabove a bed of the one or more plant beds when the picking system isbeing carried over the bed. In some embodiments, the first distance canbe approximately 5.08 cm to approximately 12.7 cm. In other embodiments,the first distance can be another suitable distance or another suitablerange of distances.

In several embodiments, method 5200 additionally can include a block5203 of providing a suspension control system. The suspension controlsystem can be similar or identical to suspension control system 5803(FIG. 58, described below). In many embodiments, the suspension controlsystem can be configured to perform receiving the distance measurementdata from the plurality of picking systems.

In many embodiments, the suspension control system additionally can beconfigured to perform determining adjustment information for anadjustment of the vertical position of one or more of the plurality ofwheels with respect to the body based at least in part on the distancemeasurement data provided by at least one of the plurality of pickingsystems. In many embodiments, determining the adjustment informationfurther can include determining the adjustment information at least inpart based on the distance. In several embodiments, determining theadjustment information further can include determining the adjustmentinformation at least in part based on an average of the distancemeasurement data provided by all of the plurality of picking systems.

In many embodiments, the suspension control system can be furtherconfigured to perform controlling the adjustment of the verticalposition of the one or more of the plurality of wheels with respect tothe body based on the adjustment information.

In a number of embodiments, method 5200 optionally can include a block5204 of providing a plurality of suspension actuators each correspondingto a different wheel of the plurality of wheels and each configured toadjust the vertical position of the corresponding wheel of the pluralityof wheels independent of adjustments to other wheels of the plurality ofwheels by others of the plurality of suspension actuators. Thesuspension actuators can be similar or identical to actuator 4408 (FIG.44).

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 53 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 5300. Method 5300 can be a method of performing robot positioningwith station-keeping. Method 5300 is merely exemplary and is not limitedto the embodiments presented herein. Method 5300 can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In some embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5300 can be performed in the order presented. Inother embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or the activitiesof method 5300 can be performed in any suitable order. In still otherembodiments, one or more of the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5300 can be combined or skipped. In someembodiments, method 5300 can be performed by harvesting vehicle 3200(FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/or vehicle 4500 (FIGS.45-46).

Referring to FIG. 53, method 5300 can include a block 5301 of moving avehicle across a surface in a first direction, such that one or moresecond carriers coupled to the vehicle are moved in the first directionwith respect to the surface. The vehicle can be similar or identical toharvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/orvehicle 4500 (FIGS. 45-46). The first direction can be the X-axisdirection shown in FIG. 41, the right-to-left direction of travel oftrack 3802 in FIG. 38, and/or the right-to-left direction of vehicle4001 in FIG. 40 from time view 4011 to time view 4012. The surface canbe plant beds 1501 (FIG. 15-16, 20, 28-31), plant beds 3281-3290 (FIGS.32-34), plant beds 3801 (FIGS. 38-39), plant beds 4021-4032 (FIG. 40),and/or 4300 (FIG. 43), rows 3291-3299 (FIGS. 32-34), rows 4041-4051(FIG. 40), and/or another suitable surface, such as a work surface. Thesecond carriers can be similar or identical to RPC tracks 3334-3337(FIGS. 33-34), track 3802 (FIG. 38), and/or RPC tracks 4004-4007 (FIGS.40-42).

In some embodiments, the one or more second carriers can be movablycoupled to and can carry one or more first carriers each configured tocarry two or more robotic systems. The first carriers can be similar oridentical to RPCs 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIG. 32-34), and/or RPC 3803(FIG. 38). The robotic systems can be similar or identical to harvestingrobot 100 (FIG. 1), harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 20), harvesting robots3461-3464 (FIGS. 34-36), robots 3804-3807 (FIG. 38), and/or othersuitable robotic systems, such as the hole-punching robot describedabove.

In a number of embodiments, method 5300 also can include a block 5302 ofautomatically offsetting the movement in the first direction of the oneor more second carriers to hold each of the one or more first carriersin a first carrier position and stationary with respect to the surfacefor a first time period while the vehicle moves the one or more secondcarriers in the first direction, such that the two or more roboticsystems carried by each of the one or more first carriers are carried ina stationary manner with respect to the surface for the first timeperiod by each of the one or more first carriers. For example, as shownin FIG. 38, the first carrier position can be the position of RPC 3803in time views 3811-3812 during the first time period in which track 3802moves in the first direction.

In several embodiments, the two or more robotic systems on each of theone or more first carriers can be removably coupled to the one or morefirst carriers. In some embodiments, each of the two or more roboticsystems on each of the one or more first carriers can include holepuncher, as described above. In a number of embodiments, the vehicle canautomatically move across the surface at an approximately constantvelocity in the first direction.

In several embodiments, method 5300 optionally can include a block 5303of performing tasks on a first set of objects during the first timeperiod using the two or more robotic systems carried by each of the oneor more first carriers. In some embodiments, the first set of objectscan include plants. In other embodiments, the first set of objects canbe other suitable object on which a robotic system can perform work. Inseveral embodiments, the tasks can include picking crops from theplants. The crops can be similar or identical to crops 1511 (FIGS. 15,20, 28-31). The plants can be similar or identical to plant 1510 (FIG.15). In some embodiments, the plants can be strawberry plants and eachof the crops can be a strawberry. In other embodiments, the plants canbe another suitable type of plants, such as a tomato plant, a pepperplant, etc., and the crops can be another suitable type of crop, such asa tomato, a pepper, etc.

In some embodiments, block 5303 of performing tasks on the first set ofobjects during the first time period using the two or more roboticsystems carried by each of the one or more first carriers can includesimultaneously and independently detecting and picking ripe strawberriesfrom the strawberry plants using the two or more robotic systems carriedby each of the one or more first carriers.

In a number of embodiments, method 5300 optionally can include, afterblock 5302 or block 5303, a block 5304 of automatically moving each ofthe one or more first carriers after the first time period from thefirst carrier position relative to the surface to a second carrierposition relative to the surface. For example, as shown in FIG. 38, RPC3803 can move from the first carrier position of RPC 3803 in time view3812 to the second carrier position of RPC 3803 in time view 3813.

In a several embodiments, method 5300 optionally can include a block5305 of automatically holding each of the one or more first carriers inthe second carrier position and stationary with respect to the surfacefor a second time period while the vehicle moves the one or more secondcarriers in the first direction with respect to the surface, such thatat least a portion of each of the two or more robotic systems carried byeach of the one or more first carriers is carried in the stationarymanner with respect to the surface for the second time period by each ofthe one or more first carriers. For example, as shown in FIG. 38, thesecond carrier position can be the position of RPC 3803 in time views3813-3814 during the second time period in which track 3802 moves in thefirst direction. In many embodiments, the second time period can occurafter the first time period.

In some embodiments, a first set of robot positions for the two or morerobotic systems during the first time period can include a first robotposition and a second robot position. For example, the first robotposition can be similar or identical to the position of robot 3806 intime views 3811-3812 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant 3881, as shown inFIGS. 38-39. The first robot position can be similar or identical to theposition of robot 3804 in time views 3811-3812 of FIG. 38, which can beat plant 3884, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. A second set of robot positionsfor the two or more robotic systems during the second time period caninclude a third robot position and a fourth robot position. For example,the third robot position can be similar or identical to the position ofrobot 3806 in time views 3813-3814 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant3882, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. The fourth robot position can be similaror identical to the position of robot 3804 in time views 3813-3814 ofFIG. 38, which can be at plant 3885, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. In someembodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth robot positions can belocated in a single straight or curved row extending in the firstdirection. The single row can be similar or identical to plant row 3901(FIG. 39) and/or plant row 3902 (FIG. 39). In some embodiments, thesingle row can include an ordering of the first, second, third, andfourth robot positions such that, when moving in the first direction,the first robot position is located before the third robot position, thethird robot position is located before the second robot position, andthe second robot position is located before the fourth robot position,such as shown in FIGS. 38-39.

In a number of embodiments, method 5300 optionally can include a block5306 of automatically moving each of the one or more first carriersafter the second time period and before the third time period (describedbelow) from the second carrier position to a fourth carrier position.For example, as shown in FIG. 38, RPC 3803 can move from the secondcarrier position of RPC 3803 in time view 3814 to the fourth carrierposition of RPC 3803 in time view 3815.

In a several embodiments, method 5300 optionally can include a block5307 of automatically holding each of the one or more first carriers inthe fourth carrier position and stationary with respect to the surfacefor a fourth time period while the vehicle moves the one or morecarriers in the first direction with respect to the surface, such thatat least the portion of each of the two or more robotic systems carriedby each of the one or more first carriers is carried in a stationarymanner with respect to the surface for the fourth time period by each ofthe one or more first carriers in a fourth set of robot positions. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 38, the fourth carrier position can be theposition of RPC 3803 in time views 3815-3816 during the fourth timeperiod in which track 3802 moves in the first direction. In manyembodiments, the fourth time period can occur after the second timeperiod.

In some embodiments, the fourth set of robot positions can include afifth robot position and a sixth robot position. For example, the fifthrobot position can be similar or identical to the position of robot 3806in time views 3815-3816 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant 3883, as shownin FIGS. 38-39. The sixth robot position can be similar or identical tothe position of robot 3804 in time views 3815-3816 of FIG. 38, which canbe at plant 3886, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. In some embodiments, thefifth and sixth robot positions can be located in the single row, asshown in FIG. 39. In many embodiments, when the vehicle moves in thefirst direction, the third robot position is located before the fifthrobot position, the fifth robot position is located before the secondrobot position, the fourth robot position is located before the sixthrobot position, and the sixth robot position is located before eachrobot position of the third set of robot positions, such as shown inFIG. 39.

In a number of embodiments, method 5300 further can include a block 5308of automatically moving each of the one or more first carriers after thesecond time period from the second carrier position to a third carrierposition. For example, as shown in FIG. 38, RPC 3803 can move from thesecond carrier position of RPC 3803 in time view 3814 to the thirdcarrier position of RPC 3803 in time view 3817. In some embodiments, oneor more first carriers can move to the fourth carrier position betweenthe second carrier position and the third carrier position, such as whenthe one or more first carriers are used to perform tasks on threedifferent objects with each robot before a leap-frog progression. Inother embodiments, the one or more first carriers can move directly fromthe second carrier position to the third carrier position, such as whenthe one or more first carriers are used to perform tasks on twodifferent objects with each robot before a leap-frog adjustment. Inother embodiments, the one or more first carriers can perform objectionson a different number of objects with each robot before a leap-frogprogression, such as four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or tenobjections.

In a several embodiments, method 5300 optionally can include, afterblock 5306 or block 5308, a block 5309 of automatically holding each ofthe one or more first carriers in the third carrier position andstationary with respect to the surface for a third time period while thevehicle moves the one or more carriers in the first direction withrespect to the surface, such that at least the portion of each of thetwo or more robotic systems carried by each of the one or more firstcarriers is carried in the stationary manner with respect to the surfacefor the third time period by each of the one or more first carriers in athird set of robot positions. For example, as shown in FIG. 38, thethird carrier position can be the position of RPC 3803 in time view 3817during the third time period in which track 3802 moves in the firstdirection. In many embodiments, the third time period can occur afterthe second time period. In some embodiments, the third time period canoccur after the fourth time period. In several embodiments, each robotposition of the third set of robot positions can be located in thesingle row. For example, the third set of robot positions can be similaror identical to the position of robot 3806 in time view 3817 of FIG. 38,which can be at plant 3887, and/or the position of robot 3804 in timeview 3817 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant 3890, as shown in FIGS.38-39. In several embodiments, when the vehicle moves in the firstdirection, the fourth robot position can be located before each robotposition of the third set of robot positions, such as shown in FIG. 39.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 54 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 5400. Method 5400 can be a method of providing a system for robotpositioning with station-keeping. Method 5400 is merely exemplary and isnot limited to the embodiments presented herein. Method 5400 can beemployed in many different embodiments or examples not specificallydepicted or described herein. In some embodiments, the procedures, theprocesses, and/or the activities of method 5400 can be performed in theorder presented. In other embodiments, the procedures, the processes,and/or the activities of method 5400 can be performed in any suitableorder. In still other embodiments, one or more of the procedures, theprocesses, and/or the activities of method 5400 can be combined orskipped.

Referring to FIG. 54, method 5400 can include a block 5401 of providingone or more first carriers each configured to carry two or more roboticsystems. The first carriers can be similar or identical to RPCs 3240,3250, 3260, 3270 (FIG. 32-34), and/or RPC 3803 (FIG. 38). The roboticsystems can be similar or identical to harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1),harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 20), harvesting robots 3461-3464 (FIGS.34-36), robots 3804-3807 (FIG. 38), and/or other suitable roboticsystems, such as the hole-punching robot described above.

In a number of embodiments, method 5400 also can include a block 5402 ofproviding one or more second carriers configured to be coupled to avehicle that is movable across a surface. The second carriers can besimilar or identical to RPC tracks 3334-3337 (FIGS. 33-34), track 3802(FIG. 38), and/or RPC tracks 4004-4007 (FIGS. 40-42). The vehicle can besimilar or identical to harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), vehicle4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/or vehicle 4500 (FIGS. 45-46). The surface can beplant beds 1501 (FIG. 15-16, 20, 28-31), plant beds 3281-3290 (FIGS.32-34), plant beds 3801 (FIGS. 38-39), plant beds 4021-4032 (FIG. 40),and/or 4300 (FIG. 43), rows 3291-3299 (FIGS. 32-34), rows 4041-4051(FIG. 40), and/or another suitable surface, such as a work surface.

In several embodiments, method 5400 additionally can include a block5403 of movably coupling each of the one or more first carriers to oneof the one or more second carriers, such that the each of the one ormore first carriers is carried by the one of the one or more secondcarriers. In some embodiments, the system can be configured toautomatically hold each of the one or more first carriers in a firstcarrier position and stationary with respect to the surface for a firsttime period while the vehicle moves the one or more second carriers in afirst direction with respect to the surface, such that at least aportion of each of the two or more robotic systems carried by each ofthe one or more first carriers is carried in a stationary manner withrespect to the surface for the first time period by each of the one ormore first carriers. For example, as shown in FIG. 38, the first carrierposition can be the position of RPC 3803 in time views 3811-3812 duringthe first time period in which track 3802 moves in the first direction.

In several embodiments, the system can be further configured toautomatically move each of the one or more first carriers after thefirst time period from the first carrier position relative to thesurface to a second carrier position relative to the surface. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 38, the first carrier position can be theposition of RPC 3803 in time views 3811-3812 during the first timeperiod in which track 3802 moves in the first direction.

In some embodiments, the system can be further configured toautomatically hold each of the one or more first carriers in the secondcarrier position and stationary with respect to the surface for a secondtime period while the vehicle moves the one or more second carriers inthe first direction with respect to the surface, such that at least theportion of each of the two or more robotic systems carried by each ofthe one or more first carriers is carried in the stationary manner withrespect to the surface for the second time period by each of the one ormore first carriers. For example, as shown in FIG. 38, the secondcarrier position can be the position of RPC 3803 in time views 3813-3814during the second time period in which track 3802 moves in the firstdirection. In many embodiments, the second time period can occur afterthe first time period.

In some embodiments, a first set of robot positions for the two or morerobotic systems during the first time period can include a first robotposition and a second robot position. For example, the first robotposition can be similar or identical to the position of robot 3806 intime views 3811-3812 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant 3881, as shown inFIGS. 38-39. The first robot position can be similar or identical to theposition of robot 3804 in time views 3811-3812 of FIG. 38, which can beat plant 3884, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. A second set of robot positionsfor the two or more robotic systems during the second time period caninclude a third robot position and a fourth robot position. For example,the third robot position can be similar or identical to the position ofrobot 3806 in time views 3813-3814 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant3882, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. The fourth robot position can be similaror identical to the position of robot 3804 in time views 3813-3814 ofFIG. 38, which can be at plant 3885, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. In someembodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth robot positions can belocated in a single row extending in the first direction. The single rowcan be similar or identical to plant row 3901 (FIG. 39) and/or plant row3902 (FIG. 39). In some embodiments, the single row can include anordering of the first, second, third, and fourth robot positions suchthat, when moving in the first direction, the first robot position islocated before the third robot position, the third robot position islocated before the second robot position, and the second robot positionis located before the fourth robot position, such as shown in FIGS.38-39.

In various embodiments, the system can be further configured toautomatically move each of the one or more first carriers after thesecond time period from the second carrier position to a third carrierposition. For example, as shown in FIG. 38, RPC 3803 can move from thesecond carrier position of RPC 3803 in time view 3814 to the thirdcarrier position of RPC 3803 in time view 3817.

In some embodiments, the system can be further configured toautomatically hold each of the one or more first carriers in the thirdcarrier position and stationary with respect to the surface for a thirdtime period while the vehicle moves the one or more carriers in thefirst direction with respect to the surface, such that at least theportion of each of the two or more robotic systems carried by each ofthe one or more first carriers is carried in the stationary manner withrespect to the surface for the third time period by each of the one ormore first carriers in a third set of robot positions. For example, asshown in FIG. 38, the third carrier position can be the position of RPC3803 in time view 3817 during the third time period in which track 3802moves in the first direction. In many embodiments, each robot positionof the third set of robot positions can be located in the single row.For example, the third set of robot positions can be similar oridentical to the position of robot 3806 in time view 3817 of FIG. 38,which can be at plant 3887, and/or the position of robot 3804 in timeview 3817 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant 3890, as shown in FIGS.38-39. In several embodiments, when the vehicle moves in the firstdirection, the fourth robot position can be located before each robotposition of the third set of robot positions, such as shown in FIG. 39.

In a number of embodiments, the system can be further configured toautomatically move each of the one or more first carriers after thesecond time period and before the third time period from the secondcarrier position to a fourth carrier position. For example, as shown inFIG. 38, RPC 3803 can move from the second carrier position of RPC 3803in time view 3814 to the fourth carrier position of RPC 3803 in timeview 3815.

In some embodiments, the system can be further configured toautomatically hold each of the one or more first carriers in the fourthcarrier position and stationary with respect to the surface for a fourthtime period while the vehicle moves the one or more carriers in thefirst direction with respect to the surface, such that at least theportion of each of the two or more robotic systems carried by each ofthe one or more first carriers is carried in a stationary manner withrespect to the surface for the fourth time period by each of the one ormore first carriers in a fourth set of robot positions. For example, asshown in FIG. 38, the fourth carrier position can be the position of RPC3803 in time views 3815-3816 during the fourth time period in whichtrack 3802 moves in the first direction.

In some embodiments, the fourth set of robot positions can include afifth robot position and a sixth robot position. For example, the fifthrobot position can be similar or identical to the position of robot 3806in time views 3815-3816 of FIG. 38, which can be at plant 3883, as shownin FIGS. 38-39. The sixth robot position can be similar or identical tothe position of robot 3804 in time views 3815-3816 of FIG. 38, which canbe at plant 3886, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. In some embodiments, thefifth and sixth robot positions can be located in the single row, asshown in FIG. 39. In many embodiments, when the vehicle moves in thefirst direction, the third robot position is located before the fifthrobot position, the fifth robot position is located before the secondrobot position, the fourth robot position is located before the sixthrobot position, and the sixth robot position is located before eachrobot position of the third set of robot positions, such as shown inFIG. 39.

In some embodiments, the system further can include the two or morerobotic systems carried by each of the one or more first carriers. Inseveral embodiments, the two or more robotic systems carried by each ofthe one or more first carriers can perform tasks on a first set ofobjects during the first time period. In some embodiments, the first setof objects can include plants. In other embodiments, the first set ofobjects can be other suitable object on which a robotic system canperform work. In several embodiments, the tasks can include pickingcrops from the plants. The crops can be similar or identical to crops1511 (FIGS. 15, 20, 28-31). The plants can be similar or identical toplant 1510 (FIG. 15). In some embodiments, the plants can be strawberryplants and each of the crops can be a strawberry. In other embodiments,the plants can be another suitable type of plants, such as a tomatoplant, a pepper plant, etc., and the crops can be another suitable typeof crop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc. In some embodiments, the twoor more robotic systems carried by each of the one or more firstcarriers can simultaneously and independently detect and pick ripestrawberries from the strawberry plants.

In many embodiments, the two or more robotic systems on each of the oneor more first carriers can be removably coupled to the one or more firstcarriers. In some embodiments, each of the two or more robotic systemson each of the one or more first carriers can include hole puncher, asdescribed above. In several embodiments, the system further can includethe vehicle. In a number of embodiments, the vehicle can automaticallymove across the surface at an approximately constant velocity in thefirst direction.

Proceeding to the next drawing, FIG. 55 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 5500. Method 5500 can be a method of individual plant locationpositioning. Method 5500 is merely exemplary and is not limited to theembodiments presented herein. Method 5500 can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In some embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5500 can be performed in the order presented. Inother embodiments, the procedures, the processes, and/or the activitiesof method 5500 can be performed in any suitable order. In still otherembodiments, one or more of the procedures, the processes, and/or theactivities of method 5500 can be combined or skipped. In someembodiments, method 5500 can be performed by harvesting vehicle 3200(FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/or vehicle 4500 (FIGS.45-46), such as by at least guidance control system 5801 (FIG. 58,described below).

Referring to FIG. 55, method 5500 can include a block 5501 of guiding avehicle along rows. The rows can be similar or identical to rows3291-3299 (FIGS. 32-34) and/or rows 4041-4051 (FIG. 40). In manyembodiments, the rows can be between plant beds. The plant beds can besimilar or identical to plant beds 1501 (FIG. 15-16, 20, 28-31),3281-3290 (FIGS. 32-34), plant beds 3801 (FIGS. 38-39), and/or plantbeds 4021-4032 (FIG. 40). In various embodiments, the vehicle caninclude a body, a plurality of wheels movable coupled to the body, and aguidance control system. The body can be similar or identical to body3210 (FIGS. 32-34), body 4406 (FIG. 44), and/or body 4520 (FIGS. 45-46).The wheels can be similar or identical to wheels 3203-3204 (FIGS.32-34), wheels 4002-4003 (FIG. 40-42), wheel 4401 (FIG. 44), and/orwheels 4501-4504 (FIGS. 45-46). The guidance control system can besimilar or identical to guidance control system 5801 (FIG. 58, describedbelow). The plurality of wheels can be configured to move along the rowssuch that at least a portion of the body moves above the plant beds.

In a number of embodiments, method 5500 also can include a block 5502 oftracking a different individual plant location of each individual plantof plants that are either planned for growth or growing in the plantbeds. In some embodiments, the plants can be strawberry plants. In otherembodiments, the plants can be another suitable type of plants, such asa tomato plant, a pepper plant, etc.

The guidance control system further can include a processor. Theprocessing unit can be similar or identical to computer system 1700(FIG. 17), processing unit 1273 (FIGS. 12-13), processing unit 2173(FIG. 21), control unit 1272, control unit 2072 (FIGS. 20-21), and/orharvester processing system 5800 (FIG. 58, described below). Theguidance control system also can include two global positioning system(GPS) receivers each disposed on a different arm at a different side ofthe body. The GPS receivers can be similar or identical to GPS receivers3215-3216 (FIGS. 32-34). The arms can be similar or identical to arms3213-3214 (FIGS. 32-34). The guidance control system also can include aninertial measurement unit, as described above, which can be internal orexternal to one or more of the GPS receivers.

In some embodiments, the guidance control system can be configured tocalculate a position of the vehicle using at least the two GPS receiversand the inertial measurement unit to track the individual plantlocations of the individual plants of the plants. The position can besimilar or identical to GCP 4100 (FIGS. 41-42). In many embodiments, thebody further can include a plurality of modular attachments configuredto attach at separate times to a plurality of picking systems and aplurality of hole punching systems. The modular attachments can besimilar or identical to mounting pieces 3511-3514 (FIG. 35). The pickingsystem can each be similar or identical to harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1)and/or harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 20). The hole punching system can besimilar or identical to the hole punching robot described above.

In many embodiments, block 5501 of guiding the vehicle along the rowsfurther can include, when the plurality of hole punching systems areattached to the plurality of modular attachments, guiding the vehiclesuch that each of the plurality of hole punching systems is positionedat the different individual plant location of the different individualplant of the plants that are planned for growth in the plant beds. Inmany embodiments, the different individual plant locations can bedetermined by the guidance control system.

In several embodiments, holes in each of the plant beds can be punchedin rows of holes. The rows of holes can be similar or identical to rowsof holes 4321-4322 (FIG. 43). The holes can be similar or identical toholes 4301-4313 (FIG. 43) and/or holes 4311-4313 (FIG. 43). In manyembodiments, each hole of the holes in each straight or curved row ofholes can be approximately equally spaced from adjacent holes of theholes. For example, hole 4302 (FIG. 43) can be approximately equallyspaced from hole 4301 (FIG. 43) and hole 4303 (FIG. 43) in row of holes4321 (FIG. 43). In some embodiments, block 5501 of tracking theindividual plant location of each individual plant further can includetracking a location of each of the holes.

In many embodiments, the plurality of picking systems each can beconfigured to detect and pick crops from a different individual plant ofthe plants that are growing in the plant bed. In some embodiments, eachof the crops can be a strawberry. In other embodiments, the crops can beanother suitable type of crop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc. In someembodiments, block 5501 of guiding the vehicle along the rows furthercan include, when the plurality of picking systems are attached to theplurality of modular attachments, guiding the vehicle such that each ofthe plurality of picking systems is positioned at the differentindividual plant location of the different individual plant of theplants, such that the plurality of picking systems simultaneously pickthe crops from the different individual plants of the plants.

In many embodiments, the body further can include a plurality of firstcarriers. The first carriers can be similar or identical to RPCs 3240,3250, 3260, 3270 (FIG. 32-34), and/or RPC 3803 (FIG. 38). In severalembodiments, each of the plurality of first carriers can include adifferent set of two or more modular attachments of the plurality ofmodular attachments. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of firstcarriers can be positioned to be disposed over a different plant bed ofthe plant beds.

In various embodiments, block 5502 of tracking the different individualplant location of each individual plant of the plants can includetracking the different individual plant location of each individualplant of the plants based on an offset from a measured referenceposition. For example, the offset can be based on the lever armdescribed above. In some embodiments, the offset can be determined basedon at least a direction of travel of the vehicle and an approximatelyfixed spacing between the different individual plant locations of theindividual plants of the plants.

In several embodiments, method 5500 optionally can include a block 5503of positioning each of the plurality of picking systems for picking adifferent individual plant of the plants within a positioning tolerancedistance of a different hole of the holes that was punched to plant thedifferent individual plant. In some embodiments, the positioningtolerance distance can be approximately 1.27 cm. In other embodiments,the positioning tolerance distance can be another suitable distance,such as 0.635 cm, or another distance described above.

Proceeding to the next drawing, FIG. 56 illustrates a flow chart for amethod 5600. Method 5600 can be a method of providing a vehicle withindividual plant location positioning. Method 5600 is merely exemplaryand is not limited to the embodiments presented herein. Method 5600 canbe employed in many different embodiments or examples not specificallydepicted or described herein. In some embodiments, the procedures, theprocesses, and/or the activities of method 5600 can be performed in theorder presented. In other embodiments, the procedures, the processes,and/or the activities of method 5600 can be performed in any suitableorder. In still other embodiments, one or more of the procedures, theprocesses, and/or the activities of method 5600 can be combined orskipped. In some embodiments, the vehicle can be similar or identical toharvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/orvehicle 4500 (FIGS. 45-46).

Referring to FIG. 56, method 5600 can include a block 5601 of providinga body. The body can be similar or identical to body 3210 (FIGS. 32-34),body 4406 (FIG. 44), and/or body 4520 (FIGS. 45-46).

In a number of embodiments, method 5600 also can include a block 5602 ofproviding a plurality of wheels movably coupled to the body. The wheelscan be similar or identical to wheels 3203-3204 (FIGS. 32-34), wheels4002-4003 (FIG. 40-42), wheel 4401 (FIG. 44), and/or wheels 4501-4504(FIGS. 45-46). In many embodiments, the plurality of wheels can beconfigured to roll through rows between plant beds such that at least aportion of the body moves above the plant beds. The rows can be similaror identical to rows 3291-3299 (FIGS. 32-34) and/or rows 4041-4051 (FIG.40). The plant beds can be similar or identical to plant beds 1501 (FIG.15-16, 20, 28-31), 3281-3290 (FIGS. 32-34), plant beds 3801 (FIGS.38-39), and/or plant beds 4021-4032 (FIG. 40).

In several embodiments, method 5600 additionally can include a block5603 of providing a guidance control system. The guidance control systemcan be similar or identical to guidance control system 5801 (FIG. 58,described below). In many embodiments, the guidance control system canbe configured to guide the vehicle along the rows. In severalembodiments, the guidance control system can be configured to track adifferent individual plant location of each individual plant of plantsthat are either planned for growth or growing in the plant beds. In someembodiments, the plants can be strawberry plants. In other embodiments,the plants can be another suitable type of plants, such as a tomatoplant, a pepper plant, etc.

The guidance control system can include a processor. The processing unitcan be similar or identical to computer system 1700 (FIG. 17),processing unit 1273 (FIGS. 12-13), processing unit 2173 (FIG. 21),control unit 1272, control unit 2072 (FIGS. 20-21), and/or harvesterprocessing system 5800 (FIG. 58, described below). The guidance controlsystem also can include two global positioning system (GPS) receiverseach disposed on a different arm at a different side of the body. TheGPS receivers can be similar or identical to GPS receivers 3215-3216(FIGS. 32-34). The arms can be similar or identical to arms 3213-3214(FIGS. 32-34). The guidance control system also can include an inertialmeasurement unit, as described above, which can be internal or externalto one or more of the GPS receivers.

In some embodiments, the guidance control system can be configured tocalculate a position of the vehicle using at least the two GPS receiversand the inertial measurement unit to track the individual plantlocations of the individual plants of the plants. The position can besimilar or identical to GCP 4100 (FIGS. 41-42). In many embodiments, thebody further can include a plurality of modular attachments configuredto attach at separate times to a plurality of picking systems and aplurality of hole punching systems. The modular attachments can besimilar or identical to mounting pieces 3511-3514 (FIG. 35). The pickingsystem can each be similar or identical to harvesting robot 100 (FIG. 1)and/or harvesting robot 2000 (FIG. 20). The hole punching system can besimilar or identical to the hole punching robot described above. In manyembodiments, the different individual plant locations can be determinedby the guidance control system.

In many embodiments, the guidance control system can further beconfigured guide the vehicle such that, when the plurality of holepunching systems are attached to the plurality of modular attachments,each of the plurality of hole punching systems is positioned at thedifferent individual plant location of the different individual plant ofthe plants that are planned for growth in the plant beds.

In several embodiments, the holes in each of the plant beds can bepunched in rows of holes. The rows of holes can be similar or identicalto rows of holes 4321-4322 (FIG. 43). The holes can be similar oridentical to holes 4301-4313 (FIG. 43) and/or holes 4311-4313 (FIG. 43).In many embodiments, each hole of the holes in each row of holes can beapproximately equally spaced from adjacent holes of the holes. Forexample, hole 4302 (FIG. 43) can be approximately equally spaced fromhole 4301 (FIG. 43) and hole 4303 (FIG. 43) in row of holes 4321 (FIG.43). In some embodiments, the guidance control system can be furtherconfigured to track a location of each of the holes.

In many embodiments, the plurality of picking systems each can beconfigured to detect and pick crops from a different individual plant ofthe plants that are growing in the plant bed. In some embodiments, eachof the crops can be a strawberry. In other embodiments, the crops can beanother suitable type of crop, such as a tomato, a pepper, etc. In someembodiments, the guidance control system can be further configured toguide the vehicle such that, when the plurality of picking systems areattached to the plurality of modular attachments, each of the pluralityof picking systems is positioned at the different individual plantlocation of the different individual plant of the plants, such that theplurality of picking systems simultaneously pick the crops from thedifferent individual plants of the plants.

In some embodiments, the guidance control system can be furtherconfigured to position each of the plurality of picking systems forpicking the different individual plant of the plants within apositioning tolerance distance of a different hole of the holes that waspunched to plant the different individual plant. In some embodiments,the positioning tolerance distance can be approximately 1.27 cm. Inother embodiments, the positioning tolerance distance can be anothersuitable distance, such as 0.635 cm, or another distance describedabove.

In many embodiments, the body further can include a plurality of firstcarriers. The first carriers can be similar or identical to RPCs 3240,3250, 3260, 3270 (FIG. 32-34), and/or RPC 3803 (FIG. 38). In severalembodiments, each of the plurality of first carriers can include adifferent set of two or more modular attachments of the plurality ofmodular attachments. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of firstcarriers can be positioned to be disposed over a different plant bed ofthe plant beds.

In several embodiments, the guidance system can be further configured totrack the different individual plant location of each individual plantof the plants based on an offset from a measured reference position. Forexample, the offset can be based on the lever arm described above. Insome embodiments, the offset can be determined based on at least adirection of travel of the vehicle and an approximately fixed spacingbetween the different individual plant locations of the individualplants of the plants.

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 57 illustrates a block diagram of arobotic processing system 5700 that can be employed for at leastpartially performing embodiments of various methods relating to therobots described herein, such as harvesting robots 100 (FIG. 1) and/or2000 (FIG. 20). Robotics processing system 5700 is merely exemplary andembodiments of the system are not limited to robotics processing systempresented herein. The robotics processing system can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In some embodiments, certain elements or modules of roboticsprocessing system 5700 can perform various procedures, processes, and/oractivities. In other embodiments, the procedures, processes, and/oractivities can be performed by other suitable elements or modules ofrobotics processing system 5700. In some embodiments, robotic processingsystem 5700 can be perform by one or more of a processing unit, such asprocessing unit 1273 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or processing unit 2173 (FIG.21), and/or a control unit, such as control unit 1272 and/or controlunit 2072 (FIGS. 20-21).

In some embodiments, robotics processing system 5700 can include animaging system 5701, a robotics system 5702, a communications system5703, and/or a foliage displacement control system 5704. In someembodiments, each of the systems (5701-5704) can be implemented insoftware and/or hardware in the processing unit, such as processing unit1273 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or processing unit 2173 (FIG. 21), and/or thecontrol unit, such as control unit 1272 and/or control unit 2072 (FIGS.20-21).

In many embodiments, imaging system 5701 can receive imaging input fromimaging sensors (e.g., imaging sensors 1290-1291 (FIGS. 12-13) and/orimaging sensors 2190-2191 (FIG. 21)). In a number of embodiments,imaging system 5701 can process the imaging input to determine distancesand/or locations of objects, such as the crops (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 15))and/or the plant beds (e.g., 1501 (FIG. 15)), such as by usingconventional methods. In many embodiments, imaging system 5701 canprocess the imaging input to determine the ripeness of the crops (e.g.,1511 (FIG. 15)), such as by using conventional methods. In severalembodiments, imaging system 5701 can determine blooms on the plant(e.g., 1510 (FIG. 15)), determine the stage of the blooms, and/or countthe number of blooms (or number of blooms at each stage). In manyembodiments, each plant can have unique identifiers for location basedon their GPS coordinates. In many embodiments, imaging system canprovide information about the individual plants the robots areinspecting/picking including the number (and/or type) of blooms a robothas counted on the individual plant and the numbers of ripe and unripeberries, along with how many berries the robot picked off the plant.Using the unique identifier for each plant, robotics processing systemand/or harvester processing system 5800 (FIG. 58, described below) canstore this information about each plant in the field. Based off of plantproduction in this capacity, a great deal of information can be derivedfrom this data, such as predictive analysis of how many berries might becoming from a plant, and how plants may have produced better in one partof a field based off of the number of berries picked (which could becorrelated back to water and soil analysis). The analytics can beextensive when so much data can be stored from each plant.

In a number of embodiments, imaging system 5701 can at least partiallyperform block 4706 (FIG. 47) of receiving information at a processingunit of a system from one or more imaging sensors.

In many embodiments, robotics system 5702 can control the rotation ofharvesting robots 100 (FIG. 1) and/or 2000 (FIG. 20) to detect crops(e.g., 1511 (FIG. 15)), and to determine, based at least in part on theimaging information from imaging system 5701, how to position andcontrol harvesting robots 100 (FIG. 1) and/or 2000 (FIG. 20) to pick thecrops. In many embodiments, robotics system 5702 can control the motorsand actuators in harvesting robots 100 (FIG. 1) and/or 2000 (FIG. 20).In several embodiments, robotics system 5702 can receive input fromharvester processing system 5800 (FIG. 58, described below), whenharvesting robots 100 (FIG. 1) and/or 2000 (FIG. 20) can start rotatingto detect and pick crops (e.g., 1511 (FIG. 15)) from a plant (e.g., 1510(FIG. 15)), and can report back to harvester processing system 5800(FIG. 58, described below) when the detecting and picking is completefor a plant (e.g., 1510 (FIG. 15)).

In a number of embodiments, robotics system 5702 can at least partiallyperform blocks 4701-4705 (FIG. 47), blocks 4708-4711 (FIG. 47), block4903 (FIG. 49), and/or block 5301 (FIG. 53).

In many embodiments, communications system 5703 can provide forcommunication with harvester processing system 5800 (FIG. 58, describedbelow). In some embodiments, the harvesting robots (e.g., 100 (FIG. 1),2000 (FIG. 20)) can communicate with the harvester processing system5800 (FIG. 58, described below) through a compact communication systemthat uses MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) or other suitableprotocols for fast network communications.

In many embodiments, foliage displacement control system 5704 cancontrol leaf displacement system 2800 (FIGS. 28-31). In severalembodiments, foliage displacement control system 5704 can receive inputfrom harvester processing system 5800 (FIG. 58, described below) and/orrobotics system 5702, when foliage displacement system 2800 (FIGS.28-31) should transition from the open configuration (as shown in FIG.28) to the closed configuration (as shown in FIG. 31), and when foliagedisplacement system 2800 (FIGS. 28-31) should transition from the closedconfiguration (as shown in FIG. 31) to the open configuration (as shownin FIG. 28).

In a number of embodiments, foliage displacement control system 5704 canat least partially perform blocks 4901-4902 (FIG. 49).

Turning ahead in the drawings, FIG. 58 illustrates a block diagram of aharvester processing system 5800 that can be employed for at leastpartially performing embodiments of various methods relating to thevehicles described herein, such as harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS.32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/or vehicle 4500 (FIGS. 45-46).Harvester processing system 5800 is merely exemplary and embodiments ofthe system are not limited to harvester processing system presentedherein. The harvester processing system can be employed in manydifferent embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or describedherein. In some embodiments, certain elements or modules of harvesterprocessing system 5800 can perform various procedures, processes, and/oractivities. In other embodiments, the procedures, processes, and/oractivities can be performed by other suitable elements or modules ofharvester processing system 5800. In some embodiments, harvesterprocessing system 5800 can be perform by one or more of a processingunit, which can be as processing unit 1273 (FIGS. 12-13) and/orprocessing unit 2173 (FIG. 21), and/or a control unit, which can besimilar to control unit 1272 and/or control unit 2072 (FIGS. 20-21). Theprocessing unit and/or the control unit can be disposed on a suitableposition of the vehicle (e.g., harvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34),vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/or vehicle 4500 (FIGS. 45-46)).

In some embodiments, robotics processing system 5800 can include aguidance control system 5801, an RPC drive system 5802, a suspensioncontrol system 5803, and/or a communications system 5804. In someembodiments, each of the systems (5801-5804) can be implemented insoftware and/or hardware in the processing unit, such as processing unit1273 (FIGS. 12-13) and/or processing unit 2173 (FIG. 21), and/or thecontrol unit, such as control unit 1272 and/or control unit 2072 (FIGS.20-21).

In many embodiments, guidance control system 5801 can receive input fromthe GPS receivers (e.g., 3215 or 3216 (FIGS. 32-34)), the IMU, and/orthe height information from the robots, as described above in connectionwith FIGS. 45-46. In a number of embodiments, guidance control system5801 can process the input to determine how to guide the vehicle such asharvesting vehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/orvehicle 4500 (FIGS. 45-46), and/or to determine the location of the RPCs(e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-24)), the robots carried by theRPCs, and/or the plant locations.

In a number of embodiments, guidance control system 5801 can at leastpartially perform blocks 5301 (FIG. 53) and/or blocks 5501-5503 (FIG.55).

In many embodiments, RPC drive system 5802 can use input from guidancecontrol system 5801 to control the positioning of the RPCs (e.g., 3240,3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-24)). For example, RPC drive system cancontrol RPC motor 3231 (FIGS. 32-34) to drive RPC drive shaft 3230 ineither rotational direction, as appropriate, to position the RPC (e.g.,3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-24)) as described above. In manyembodiments, once the RPC (e.g., 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270 (FIGS. 32-24))is positioned in a station-keeping position, as described above, RPCdrive system 5802 can communicate with each robotics processing system5700 (FIG. 57) of the robots to initiate a task, such as picking. Insome embodiments, RPC drive system 5802 can receive a response fromrobotic processing system 5700 (FIG. 57) when the task is complete.

In a number of embodiments, RPC drive system 5802 can at least partiallyperform blocks 5302, 5304, 5305-5309 (FIG. 53), 5503 (FIG. 55).

In many embodiments, suspension control system 5803 can control actuator4408 (FIG. 44) in the suspension components (e.g., 4400 (FIG. 44)),which can control the vertical position of one or more wheels (e.g.,4501-4504 (FIGS. 45-46)) with respect to body 4520 (FIGS. 45-46). Inmany embodiments, suspension control system 5803 can receive input fromimaging sensors (e.g., imaging sensors 1290-1291 (FIGS. 12-13) and/orimages sensors 2190-2191 (FIG. 21)), such as height information, asdescribed above, to determine how to adjust the wheels (e.g., 4501-4504(e.g., 45-46)) to control actuator 4408 (FIG. 44).

In a number of embodiments, suspension control system 5803 can at leastpartially perform blocks 5101-5103 (FIG. 51).

In many embodiments, communications system 5804 can provide forcommunication with each robotic processing system 5700 (FIG. 57), asdescribed above. In some embodiments, communications system 5804 canprovide for communications external to the vehicle (e.g., harvestingvehicle 3200 (FIGS. 32-34), vehicle 4001 (FIG. 40-42), and/or vehicle4500 (FIGS. 45-46)), such as wireless communications with externalsystems, such as through a wireless local area network, mobiletelecommunications data systems, or other suitable communicationssystem.

In a number of embodiments, communications system 5804 can at leastpartially perform blocks 5101 (FIG. 51).

Although the systems and methods herein have been described withreference to specific embodiments, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes may be made without departingfrom the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosureof embodiments is intended to be illustrative of the scope of thedisclosure and is not intended to be limiting. It is intended that thescope of the disclosure shall be limited only to the extent required bythe appended claims. For example, to one of ordinary skill in the art,it will be readily apparent that any element of FIGS. 1-58 may bemodified, and that the foregoing discussion of certain of theseembodiments does not necessarily represent a complete description of allpossible embodiments. For example, one or more of the procedures,processes, or activities of FIGS. 19 and 47-56 may include differentprocedures, processes, and/or activities and be performed by manydifferent modules, in many different orders, and/or one or more of theprocedures, processes, or activities of FIGS. 19 and 47-56 may includeone or more of the procedures, processes, or activities of anotherdifferent one of FIGS. 19 and 47-56.

All elements claimed in any particular claim are essential to theembodiment claimed in that particular claim. Consequently, replacementof one or more claimed elements constitutes reconstruction and notrepair. Additionally, benefits, other advantages, and solutions toproblems have been described with regard to specific embodiments. Thebenefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or elementsthat may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or becomemore pronounced, however, are not to be construed as critical, required,or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims, unlesssuch benefits, advantages, solutions, or elements are stated in suchclaim.

Moreover, embodiments and limitations disclosed herein are not dedicatedto the public under the doctrine of dedication if the embodiments and/orlimitations: (1) are not expressly claimed in the claims; and (2) are orare potentially equivalents of express elements and/or limitations inthe claims under the doctrine of equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a first carrier configuredto carry at least one first robotic system; and a second carrierconfigured to be coupled to a vehicle that is movable across a surface,the first carrier being movably coupled to and carried by the secondcarrier, wherein: the system is configured to automatically hold thefirst carrier in a first position and stationary in a first directionwith respect to the surface during a first time period while the vehiclemoves the second carrier in the first direction with respect to thesurface during the first time period, such that at least a portion ofthe at least one first robotic system carried by the first carrier isstationary in the first direction with respect to the surface during thefirst time period.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein: the at least onefirst robotic system carried by the first carrier picks at least a firstcrop from a first plant during the first time period.
 3. The system ofclaim 2, wherein: the first plant comprises a strawberry plant; and thefirst crop comprises a strawberry.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein:the system is further configured to automatically move the first carrierin the first direction during a second time period after the first timeperiod from the first position relative to the surface to a secondposition relative to the surface.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein: thesystem is further configured to automatically hold the first carrier inthe second position and stationary in the first direction with respectto the surface during a third time period while the vehicle moves thesecond carrier in the first direction with respect to the surface duringthe third time period, such that at least the portion of the at leastone first robotic system carried by the first carrier is stationary inthe first direction with respect to the surface during the third timeperiod; and the third time period occurs after the second time period.6. The system of claim 5, wherein: the at least one first robotic systemcarried by the first carrier picks at least a first crop from a firstplant during the first time period; the at least one first roboticsystem carried by the first carrier picks at least a second crop from asecond plant during the third time period; the first plant is differentfrom the second plant; and the first crop is different from the secondcrop.
 7. The system of claim 5, wherein: the system is furtherconfigured to automatically move the first carrier in the firstdirection during a fourth time period after the third time period fromthe second position to a third position; the system is furtherconfigured to automatically hold the first carrier in the third positionand stationary in the first direction with respect to the surface duringa fifth time period while the vehicle moves the second carrier in thefirst direction with respect to the surface during the fifth timeperiod, such that at least the portion of the at least one first roboticsystem carried by the first carrier is stationary in the first directionwith respect to the surface during the fifth time period the fifth timeperiod occurs after the fourth time period; and the first position, thesecond position, and the third position are located in a row.
 8. Thesystem of claim 1 further comprising: a third carrier configured tocarry at least one second robotic system; and a fourth carrierconfigured to be coupled to the vehicle that is movable across thesurface, the third carrier being movably coupled to and carried by thefourth carrier, wherein: the system is configured to automatically holdthe third carrier in a second position and stationary in the firstdirection with respect to the surface during a second time period whilethe vehicle moves the fourth carrier in the first direction with respectto the surface during the second time period, such that at least aportion of the at least one second robotic system carried by the thirdcarrier is stationary in the first direction with respect to the surfaceduring the second time period.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein: the atleast one first robotic system and the at least one second roboticsystem simultaneously and independently pick strawberries from differentstrawberry plants.
 10. The system of claim 1 further comprising: thevehicle, wherein: the vehicle automatically moves across the surface atan approximately constant velocity in the first direction during thefirst time period.
 11. A method comprising: moving a vehicle across asurface in a first direction, such that a second carrier coupled to thevehicle is moved in the first direction with respect to the surface, thesecond carrier being movably coupled to and carrying a first carrier,the first carrier being configured to carry at least one first roboticsystem; and automatically offsetting the movement in the first directionof the second carrier to hold the first carrier in a first position andstationary in the first direction with respect to the surface during afirst time period while the vehicle moves the second carrier in thefirst direction with respect to the surface during the first timeperiod, such that at least a portion of the at least one first roboticsystem carried by the first carrier is stationary manner in the firstdirection with respect to the surface during the first time period. 12.The method of claim 11, wherein: the at least one first robotic systemcarried by the first carrier picks at least a first crop from a firstplant during the first time period.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein:the first plant comprises a strawberry plant; and the first cropcomprises a strawberry.
 14. The method of claim 11 further comprising:automatically moving the first carrier in the first direction during asecond time period after the first time period from the first positionrelative to the surface to a second position relative to the surface.15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: automatically holding thefirst carrier in the second position and stationary in the firstdirection with respect to the surface during a third time period whilethe vehicle moves the second carrier in the first direction with respectto the surface during the third time period, such that at least theportion of the at least one first robotic system carried by the firstcarrier is stationary in the first direction with respect to the surfaceduring the third time period, wherein: the third time period occursafter the second time period.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: theat least one first robotic system carried by the first carrier picks atleast a first crop from a first plant during the first time period; theat least one first robotic system carried by the first carrier picks atleast a second crop from a second plant during the third time period;the first plant is different from the second plant; and the first cropis different from the second crop.
 17. The method of claim 15 furthercomprising: automatically moving the first carrier in the firstdirection during a fourth time period after the third time period fromthe second position to a third position; and automatically holding thefirst carrier in the third position and stationary in the firstdirection with respect to the surface during a fifth time period whilethe vehicle moves the second carrier in the first direction with respectto the surface during the fifth time period, such that at least theportion of the at least one first robotic system carried by the firstcarrier is stationary in the first direction with respect to the surfaceduring the fifth time period, wherein: the fifth time period occursafter the fourth time period; and the first position, the secondposition, and the third position are located in a row.
 18. The method ofclaim 11, wherein: a fourth carrier coupled to the vehicle is moved inthe first direction with respect to the surface when the vehicle movesacross the surface in the first direction; the second carrier beingmovably coupled to and carrying a third carrier, the third carrier beingconfigured to carry at least one second robotic system, wherein themethod is further configured to perform automatically holding the thirdcarrier in a second position and stationary in the first direction withrespect to the surface during a second time period while the vehiclemoves the fourth carrier in the first direction with respect to thesurface during the second time period, such that at least a portion ofthe at least one second robotic system carried by the third carrier isstationary in the first direction with respect to the surface during thesecond time period.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein: the at leastone first robotic system and the at least one second robotic systemsimultaneously and independently pick strawberries from differentstrawberry plants.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein: the vehicleautomatically moves across the surface at an approximately constantvelocity in the first direction during the first time period.